tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8424655146990482042024-03-18T08:33:22.711+05:30TuLu Research & StudiesA heritage blog by: Ravindra Mundkur & Hosabettu VishwanathaRavindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.comBlogger469125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-37552319675878960492021-05-15T16:32:00.008+05:302021-05-15T17:58:27.773+05:30Dr. Ravindra Mundkur, a tribute<div class="separator"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">A Tribute</span></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6eVM1Ypr8Mg/YJ-s3qTT4WI/AAAAAAAAKRg/Ia_6MZ8crIYjfrRv0Gch37rJTOOPUkMewCLcBGAsYHQ/s531/Anna%2BV%2B2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" data-original-height="531" data-original-width="414" height="278" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6eVM1Ypr8Mg/YJ-s3qTT4WI/AAAAAAAAKRg/Ia_6MZ8crIYjfrRv0Gch37rJTOOPUkMewCLcBGAsYHQ/w224-h278/Anna%2BV%2B2.jpg" width="224" /></a></div><br /><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><b>Dr. Ravindra Mundkur</b></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><i><b><span style="color: #660000;">14 March 1954 - 9 May 2021</span></b></i></p></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #833c0b; font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Dr. Ravindra Mundkur, was born to Sri Budhananda Kundar (Udupi) and Smt. Lakshmi Bangera. on 14<sup>th</sup> March 1954, in ‘Mundkur’ village, of Karkala taluk, of the erstwhile South Kanara District, now ‘Udupi’. He was the eldest son among four children, other siblings being, Rajenda, Shakunthala and Raghavendra. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">He had his primary schooling at ‘Holy Angels Primary School’ Hampankatta, and high school at Milagris High School Mangalore, PUC was in ‘Sharada Vilas PU College’, Mysore, thereafter, BSc in Yuvaraja’s College and MSc and PhD in Manasa Gangotri, University of Mysore. He had a distinguished academic career, having been a topper all through and secured first rank in MSc (Geology) and was a gold medalist.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">His illustrious professional career began with his appointment as Assistant Geologist with Department of Mines and Geology. He served in Mangalore, Bangalore and Hospet., He retired as Deputy Director, Mines and Geology, Mangalore. On superannuation he settled down in Mangalore.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">His life time achievements include publication of more than 50 publications. He was considered as an authority in Ground water subject. The ‘Geomorphology of Karnataka’ map he had created, has become the standard map and has entered the text books. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">He had written many books. He edited the manuscript written by our father and published it, titled ‘TULU Pathero, a philology of Tulu Language’. He was very active in dissemination of knowledge. He has authored a Blog Spot “Tulu Research and studies”. It has more than 430 articles of academic interest about Tulu and Tulunadu. The Blog Spot ‘Geo-Karnataka’ is devoted to geomorphology and hydrology of Karnataka. “<i>Mukta Manasu</i>” is a Kannada blog on random subjects.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">He has more than 10,000 edits to google map (Local guide: Level-8), which was his passion to add, rectify and vet the names of the places, street and so on. He was active in Quora and was educating the information seekers about geology and Tulu language. He has contributed many articles to Wikipedia (English, Kannada and Tulu). He has also edited wiki books. He played active role in KAGA (Karnataka Assistant Geologists Association) as Secretary/President.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">He loved to travel a lot. While in service he had travelled nooks and corners of India in general, Karnataka in particular to gain in-depth knowledge of the geo morphological features. He accompanied his son during overseas assignments to Japan, Switzerland, Germany, France, Malaysia, Dubai, Singapore and other countries with an eternal desire to learn more about the geological aspects. Apart from travelling, his hobbies included, photography, painting, sketching and calligraphy. He was the banyan tree of the family. the key-link in holding the entire family and relatives together. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">He was married to late Ms. Bharathi Naik, who served as Principal of Women’s Polytechnic College, Mangalore. Their son Mr. R. Vijnandeep, is a software Engineer with an MNC. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">He was a simple, humble, generous and friendly human being full of love, compassion and wisdom and had the respect of all those who came in contact with him. In his untimely death, the family has lost an adorable member, guide, mentor, academician. He will continue to live, gratefully remembered, by all those with whom he shared his morsel of food, gave love, emotional and financial support to those who needed it, created better lives with support for education and potable water facility.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> It was Covid-19 pandemic time when he breathed his last. Amidst the lock down and social distancing norms, many family members stood together extending emotional support to his young son. We are grateful to everybody. This tribute is never complete without mentioning about Mr. Mithun Kanchan. Even after knowing fully very well about the Covid risk, Mr. Mithun Kanchan stayed with Vijnandeep, gave moral support, nourished him well and sailed Vijnan through difficult times safely. We are very grateful to Mr. Mithun Kanchan and his mother Ms. Mohini Kanchan.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">During these testing times, please join us in offering our respects to him with a silent thought, a quiet prayer, for a very special person.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Mv86XqIWoPI/YJ-9aKUolQI/AAAAAAAAKR0/RYxTDq21k3cxadjmXu_MpFc_Tu81Aw78gCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/02%2BAnna%2Bimage%2Bupload%2B2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1320" data-original-width="2048" height="338" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Mv86XqIWoPI/YJ-9aKUolQI/AAAAAAAAKR0/RYxTDq21k3cxadjmXu_MpFc_Tu81Aw78gCLcBGAsYHQ/w525-h338/02%2BAnna%2Bimage%2Bupload%2B2.png" width="525" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Rajendra Mhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12778354365700857253noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-16388222283799370432021-02-01T18:44:00.008+05:302021-02-06T21:51:25.166+05:30434. Kankanāḍi: A missing link in early history<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> <span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">The ancient
village of <i>Kankan</i></span><i style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"> is now an integral part of the Mangaluru city. The innocuous sounding
ancient place in its name has preserved obscure data relating to the early
history of the region. The <i>Kankan</i></span><i style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"> possibly holds a missing key to the obscure early history of the
Ganga dynasty before ca. 350 CE. The <i>Ganga</i>s’
ruled parts of southern Karnataka during the period ca. 350 CE to 1000 CE, but
before ca 350 CE their whereabouts were not known.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Most of our
historians have concentrated only on Alupas who ruled parts of Tulunadu between
ca.400 CE and ca.1400 CE.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Data on the
earlier periods, and also specifically from ca 400 BCE <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to ca
400 CE are quite nebulous. Even though concrete inscriptions are lacking, the
ancient place names supported by references in Tamil Sangam suggest that the
region was also home to Shatavāhana (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kanna</i>),
Nanda, Ganga (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kanka</i>) and other rulers
particularly before ca. 400CE<o:p wfd-id="34"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Here is an
attempt to reconstruct the initial presence of Ganga rulers and journey through
the West Coast, during the beginning centuries of the Common Era, based on the
prevalent ancient place names,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>partly
supported by indirect references in Sangam literature. </span><o:p style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="33"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vTh4RKK1XjQ/YBf-RTHiDFI/AAAAAAAASK8/Vd6rs0ycDwUFEcLY-oyoi40Sk4rXPNqcwCNcBGAsYHQ/s2048/P1030195.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vTh4RKK1XjQ/YBf-RTHiDFI/AAAAAAAASK8/Vd6rs0ycDwUFEcLY-oyoi40Sk4rXPNqcwCNcBGAsYHQ/w400-h300/P1030195.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A view of Netravati River, near Kankanadi, Mangaluru.</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><br /><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kankan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i <o:p wfd-id="32"></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kankan</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span face=""Tunga","sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">(ಕಂಕನಾಡಿ</span><span face=""Tunga","sans-serif"">)</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> now a well developed urban area, is located
to the eastern part of Hampanakatta, the throbbing center of Mangaluru. The present
Kankan</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i is the gateway that welcomes you to this
pleasant city if you are entering Mangaluru from east. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kankan</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> is located
near <u>Alupe</u> (Alape) another ancient town, the original headquarters of
the Alupa rulers of Tulunadu.<o:p wfd-id="31"></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The geomorphological
data, especially the traces of river valleys that traverse the region suggest
that a river was flowing in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kankan</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> area. The river Netrāvati in the early centuries of the Common Era
was flowing along a course close to the ancient towns of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tuḷun</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">u</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> such as
Alupe, Maroli and Kankan</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i before joining
the Arabian Sea near Pandeshwara in the West coast of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kuḍla,</i> later known as Mangaluru. The geological data such as the
presence of weathered quartz pebble rich shallow tidal sediments in the region,
further suggest that the area was submerged under shallow sea conditions during
the past and that subsequently, the sea has retreated back.<o:p wfd-id="30"></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-y80TwCEPeFs/YBtrPacDX0I/AAAAAAAASLU/_u5kNdciv5g2npcOYiGCEJk7ZTk54m1YACNcBGAsYHQ/s2048/0%2BKankanadi%2B100%2BCE%2Bnew%2B04%2B02%2B21%2Bblog.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1191" data-original-width="2048" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-y80TwCEPeFs/YBtrPacDX0I/AAAAAAAASLU/_u5kNdciv5g2npcOYiGCEJk7ZTk54m1YACNcBGAsYHQ/s320/0%2BKankanadi%2B100%2BCE%2Bnew%2B04%2B02%2B21%2Bblog.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Historical reconstruction of Kudla (Mangaluru) ca 100 -300 CE. (click to enlarge)</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Etymologically,
the place name Kankan</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i is quite
interesting, being made up of two word components namely, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kanka</i> + <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">n</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kanka</i> were an ancient
Austro-Asiatic Munda tribe reported to have been cited in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mahābhārata</i> epic. The kanka were a quite
widely distributed tribe in India as seen in many place/village names
distributed in different parts of India. <o:p wfd-id="29"></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The other
term <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">n</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span face=""Tunga","sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">(ನಾಡಿ)</span><span face=""Tunga","sans-serif""> </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">is appears to be a characteristic period
variant of the word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">n</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">u</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span face=""Tunga","sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">(ನಾಡು),</span><span face=""Tunga","sans-serif"">
</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a group of
villages unified and covered under a single royal administration.<o:p wfd-id="28"></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sangam data on Tuḷu<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>n</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: medium;">u</span><o:p style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="27"></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Aganānuru</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, a Tamil Sangam text dated to have been composed around 2<sup>nd</sup>
century CE, contains references to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tuḷunāḍu</i>
of that period. It describes the Tuḷu language of the period as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tulunaṭṭa</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tamil</i> (The Tamil of Tuḷunāḍu), revealing that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tuḷu</i> language at that period was quite similar to early <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tamil</i>. <o:p wfd-id="26"></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Sangam
recounts eulogies of three generations of “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nanna</i>”
kings that ruled possibly parts of Tuḷunāḍu. In ancient Tuḷunāḍu we have heard
anecdotes of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nanda</i> rulers from our
native elderly people, but no information whatsoever on ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nanna</i>’ rulers. It follows that since the Tamil language since
antiquity has been endowed with limited consonants, the surname ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nanda</i>’ must have been recorded as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nanna</i> in the ancient Sangam poems. <o:p wfd-id="25"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The coastal land
has been described as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Koṇ-kānam, </i>which
apparently throws light on the origin of the word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Konkana</i> for a part of the West coast. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kom</i> were an ancient tribe as indicated by names of at least two
ancient settlements preserved within Mangaluru (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Konchāḍi,</i></span><span face=""Tunga","sans-serif""> ಕೊಂಚಾಡಿ</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">) and near
Mangaluru (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kompadavu,</i></span><span face=""Tunga","sans-serif""> ಕೊಂಪದವು</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">).<o:p wfd-id="24"></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">According to
Sangam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Agananuru</i> (44-7-11), when Pālayan
Chola attacked on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kaṭṭūr</i>, then
capital of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Punnāḍu</i>, the latter was
defended by an allied army of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nanda</i>,
Yerai, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kangan</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Katti</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Punar </i>(“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Punarurai”</i>) soldiers. Apparently, the invading Chola died after
killing most of his enemies. It follows that the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kanka Vishaya</i> was coexisting along with Nanda, Punar and other
contemporary domains. The exact location of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kanka Vishaya </i>cited in the Sangam literature is not<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>clear. It could be the<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Kankanāḍi. </i><o:p wfd-id="23"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Western Ganga rulers<o:p wfd-id="22"></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Rulers of
Ganga dynasty administered parts of southern Karnataka (region known as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Konga n</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">u</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in
Tamil Sangam, but also known as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gangav</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> later in history) from ca 350 CE to ca 1000 CE and were described
as “Western Gangas” to distinguish them from the “Eastern Gangas” who ruled
from Odisha after ca. 1300 CE.<o:p wfd-id="21"></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Gangas rather
abruptly made their presence felt <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Kannada region after ca.350 CE beginning at
Kolar (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kuvalaya</i> in history) and
subsequently shifted to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Talak</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">u,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> on the banks of river <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kāveri</i>,
ca 390 CE and continued to rule up to ca.1000 CE, until <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rājarāja</i> Chola subjugated and accessed <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gangavādi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in a war. <o:p wfd-id="20"></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">However, the
early history of Gangas before 350 CE is rather hazy and shrouded in mystery.<o:p wfd-id="19"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kongāni Varman Madhava<o:p wfd-id="18"></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The first Western
Ganga ruler in uplands of Karnataka was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kongāni</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Varman</i> also known as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mādhava</i> (ca.350-390CE) who ruled from
the capital of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kuvalaya</i> located at
Kolar. His characteristic name <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kongāni</i>
connotes his heritage of his former domicile, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kon-kānam</i>. It is possible that he (or his ancestors) hailed from
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kankan</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i </span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">in<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>the<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
Konkanam</i>.<o:p wfd-id="17"></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tracing the Kanka/ Ganga rulers in West Coast<o:p wfd-id="16"></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: medium; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">We can trace
the journey of Kanka clan along the West Coast from Kankāvli in Maharashtra
coast down to Gangavali on the bank of River Gangāvali in Uttara Kannada
followed by Gangolli on the coast on the bank of River Varāhi near Kundapur,
ending up at Kankanadi in Mangaluru.<o:p wfd-id="15"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The ancient <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kanka</i> </span><span face=""Tunga","sans-serif"">(ಕಂಕ)</span><span face=""Tunga","sans-serif""> </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tribes in
Tulunadu were also referred to as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Konga</i>
</span><span face=""Tunga","sans-serif"">(ಕೊಂಗ)</span><span face=""Tunga","sans-serif""> </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">due to the common transliteration (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ka</i>><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ko</i>) and
pronunciation (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ka</i>=<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ga</i>) changes in the ancient languages of
the time. It is interesting to note that in Tulu language both stages of the above
cited transliteration, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">o</b></i> do exist, as can be seen in the
examples: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pāter<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a</b></i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pāter<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">o</b>.<o:p wfd-id="14"></o:p></i></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In fact
there are several villages bearing the name of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kanka </i>(><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ganga</i>) along
the West Coast of Maharashtra and Karnataka. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kankavli</i> in Maharashtra is followed by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gangavali</i> near Gokarna and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gangolli,
</i>near Kundapur<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>in coastal
Karnataka. Further south in Mangaluru there is this interesting village known
as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kankan</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kanka </i>><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ganga</i> name
conversion/modification in place names like <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gangavali</i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gangolli, </i>could have taken place
after 400CE, following developments in the native languages following adoption
and introduction of Sanskrit by the rulers. <o:p wfd-id="13"></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Thus we can
trace the journey of Kanka tribes from north to south along the West coast that
ends up at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kankan</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Before <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kankan</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">along this route<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>there is another interesting village in
this group located in northern part of Mangaluru, known as: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pachan</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">. Also there is an ancient place
known as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nagori</i>, by the side of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kankan</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">. I specifically prefer to
include <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pachan</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i
</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">and<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Nagori </i>in the list because it appears
that most of the early Ganga settlements characteristically ended with the
vowel <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">i</b>, such as: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kankāvali, Gangāvali,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gangolli, Pachan</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i,
Nagori, Kankan</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i </span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">and also<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Gangavādi. </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p wfd-id="12"></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The suffixes
of Munda/Prakrit origin such as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">–vali </i>and<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> -oli /-olli </i>as well as -<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">n</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i </span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">and –<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vādi, </i>evince the influence of<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
</i>northern languages on<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>the<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>native languages of Tulu and Kannada<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. </i>In the place name<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Nagori, </i>we find suffix<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> –ori </i>instead
of usual<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> -ūru. </i>Such a specific word
feature could have been inherited and assigned by the Munda tribes immigrant to
the West coast from the north.<o:p wfd-id="11"></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Early</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">historical period: ca. 50 to 350 CE</b>:<o:p wfd-id="10"></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: medium; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Alupa rulers
are well known in Tulu history. Historians have traced their lineages since
about 400 CE onwards. However, the history of Tulunadu before 400 CE is rather
hazy because lack of datable historical sources like inscriptions. The early
Tamil Sangam literature throws some light on the geopolitical scenario of south
India during the early period.<o:p wfd-id="9"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: medium; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ganga, Alupa and Karumbas<o:p wfd-id="8"></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It appears
that the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kanka</i> (= <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Konga</i>) rulers renamed themselves as
‘Ganga’ (ie., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kanka</i> > <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ganga</i>), following widespread influence
of Sanskrit in the region during ca. 300 to 600 CE that led to further
evolution of alphabets (especially consonants) in the native languages like
Tulu and Kannada.<o:p wfd-id="7"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">What were
the relationship between the Kanka/Ganga and the Alupas during the early
historical period, say 100 to 300 CE? Kankanadi and Alupe were the adjoining
towns therefore we can expect the Ganga and Alupa to be neighbors. <o:p wfd-id="6"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kadamba
apparently were not popular as rulers at that time. Tamil Sangam poems describes
pirates of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Karumba</i> tribe, who
worshipped <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kadamba</i> tree as their
protective tree (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kāval mara</i>), used to
attack ships carrying goods to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chera</i>
kings of Kerala. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Karambār</i> village in
northern Mangaluru, near Airport appears to be the home of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Karumba </i>tribes. Tamil Sangam poems
describe that a Chera king fought with and vanquished the Karumba pirates
established in a island, with a Kadamba tree as their protective/worshipping
tree, in the Arabian Sea. The island cited Sangam text is not clear. It could
be <o:p wfd-id="5"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Karumba
tribes later ca.350 CE migrated to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Banavāsi</i>
designated themselves as Kadamba and established the Kadamba dynasty.
Incidentally, the word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Karumb</i> appears
to be the equivalent word for Kadamba tree in Munda languages. The Alupas were
in friendly terms with Karumb/Kadamba since the days of seafaring. The ties of
friendship were further strengthened as youths of the Alupa family went to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Banavāsi</i> to assist and serve the Kadamba
rulers in their administration and warfare activities.<o:p wfd-id="4"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It can be surmised
that around the same time ca.350 CE the Ganga chieftains migrated from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kankan</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">āḍ</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i </span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">to Kannada
uplands and settled at Kolar (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kuvalaya</i>)
initially and further established themselves on the banks of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kāveri</i> at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Talakadu</i>.<o:p wfd-id="3"></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">References</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"> <o:p wfd-id="2"></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulunada Itihasa</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">- (2 nd Century <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CE). “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tulunaattu
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Varalaaru</i>” (Original in Tamil) by
Mayile Sheeni Venkatasami. Translated by: Dr. Shri Krishna Bhat Artikaje</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulu Sahitya Academy, Mangaluru., 2015, xx+88
p<o:p style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="1"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "CommercialScript BT"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">- </span><span style="font-family: "CommercialScript BT"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dr.
Ravindra<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mundkur</span><o:p style="font-size: 20pt;" wfd-id="0"></o:p></span></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-88416304504347899132020-11-28T21:33:00.003+05:302020-12-06T20:35:22.137+05:30433. Tulu surname: the Banjan Bari<p> <span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">T</span><span style="font-size: medium;">ulu</span>
people have inherited surnames known as “bari” from their genetic antecedents. Bari
is a unusual heritage word in Tulu acquired from older languages and cultures
prevailed in their land. The word “bari” is unusual in the sense that in
current Tulu it typically means a side, whereas the original meaning of the
word, now lost, means the house or the original house from which the ancestors
of the person in discussion came from. The word ‘bari’ (=house), originally from
Munda languages (and probably also prevalent in Prakrit languages) still exists
in some of the ancient languages derived from Munda/Prakrit languages such as
Bengali.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Thus,
there are matrilineal and patrilineal “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bari”</i>
tags for each individual, denoting the ancient genetic lineage from which original
house the persons originated. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Anyway,
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bari</i>s’ have been overtaken by the
castes and communities later in the history and consequently, now we find the
people from same <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bari</i> tags existing
in different Tulu castes and communities. One of these interesting Tulu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bari</i> names is Banjan. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Sometime
back, one of our reader friends requested details on the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Banjan</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bari</i> name. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have made an attempt to gather the available
information in this post.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Banjan<o:p wfd-id="3"></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Most
of the Tulu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bari</i> surnames end with
suffix –an which denotes person. For example Salian (=S<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ā</span>li+an) means one from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sali</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(= spider ; the weaver) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bari</i>. Thus, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">banjan</i>
can be analysed as: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">banja </i>+<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an</i>. In Tulunadu we find many places
associated with word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">banja</i> or
simplified to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">baja, such as: Bajape,
Bajal, Bajatturu etc. </i>The words <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">banja
</i>(><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> baja) </i>as found in Tulu place
names<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>essentially means dry or
probably signifies the people immigrated from dry lands of the north such as
Rajasthan. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Based
on the analysis of words, the nearest migrant tribe, homonymous and analogous
to the etymology of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Banjan now in several
parts of India, appears to be that of Banjaras.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Banjara<o:p wfd-id="2"></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">The
Banjaras are a nomadic tribe travelling from place to place. Some consider that
the nomadic gypsies are related to the Banjaras. The gypsies were considered to
have originally migrated from regions like: Nubia, Turkey and Egypt from which
they acquired their generic name. (Egypt. > Gypsy). The Banjaras were also
known as travelling merchants, since they were selling commodities like salt.
On the other hand they are also considered to be related to Lamanis, another
wandering nomadic tribe now spread in different parts of India. It is said that
the tribal name Lamani (or Lambani) came from transporting and selling ‘
lavana’ or the salt.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">The Lambani and Banjara are probably related
tribes. There is a legend that they served as soldiers of Rana Pratap
Singh, who never surrendered to Mogals (Akbar) and escaped to forest to avoid
capture. Rathod, a common
surname in Gujarat and Rajasthan is also found among the Banjaras.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">The
term ‘banjara’ is said to have been derived from ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vanijar</i>’ or the merchant. The term <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vanijar</i> is said to have been adopted from Sauraseni Prakrit. A
related trader community “banajiga” also stands for the merchant. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">An
alternate explanation for the derivation of the term banjara is: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ban</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">+
j</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ā </span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">+ </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ra</i>; wherein, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ban</i>+<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ja</i> appears to be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ban</i>/<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">van</i> = forest and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ja</i> =born.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Inference<o:p wfd-id="1"></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">In
current day scenario there may not be any tangible connections between the Banjans
of Tulunadu (or their equivalents in other parts of India) and the Banjaras.
However, there is a possibility that in remote historical past days, about two
or three millennia ago, that certain ancient tribes resident in the dry lands
of the north migrated to southern parts of India, including the West coast, and
were known as the Banjans. After all, the element of migration was a dominant
feature among the ancient tribes.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of our readers wants to know the
equivalent of Banjan surname in Kundapur area. I request that anyone having the
knowledge on this aspect may kindly share the information for the benefit of
people genuinely interested in their heritage.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "CommercialScript BT"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">R.<o:p wfd-id="0"></o:p></span></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-7802626221851413102020-10-16T14:44:00.003+05:302020-11-08T14:54:05.401+05:30432. Etymology of the Tulu surname (bari) - Kānchan<p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2B65TMuLQ6Y/X4ljlNR429I/AAAAAAAAQc4/91bGcuqo0o8FsMLgXLjNYvNHqvmPYXnNwCNcBGAsYHQ/s1646/Nepal_temple%2Bdesign-Kathmandu_Durbar_Square.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1116" data-original-width="1646" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2B65TMuLQ6Y/X4ljlNR429I/AAAAAAAAQc4/91bGcuqo0o8FsMLgXLjNYvNHqvmPYXnNwCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/Nepal_temple%2Bdesign-Kathmandu_Durbar_Square.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nepali temple design-architecture (an example)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-B8k8NzTru6s/X4ljoTniMaI/AAAAAAAAQc8/zz2bkaRngJEckZ3dl-r0Q6KnJ6Y1E5l8wCNcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Hiriadka%2Bshrine%2Bdesign%2BDSC_0115%2BR%2Bed.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1401" data-original-width="2048" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-B8k8NzTru6s/X4ljoTniMaI/AAAAAAAAQc8/zz2bkaRngJEckZ3dl-r0Q6KnJ6Y1E5l8wCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/Hiriadka%2Bshrine%2Bdesign%2BDSC_0115%2BR%2Bed.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Temple/spirit shrine design in Tulunadu (example for comparison)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">What is the
etymology- meaning and origin - of the Tulu surname “K</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">nchan”</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> (</span><span face=""Tunga","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin;">ಕಾಂಚನ್</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">/ </span><span style="font-family: "TULU SRI"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin;">കാംചന്</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">) </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">?
<o:p wfd-id="20"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">At the
outset, you may be tempted to retort that K</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">nchan
means gold as in Sanskrit. But if you delve deep into the intricacies of heritage
and history of the land, surprisingly you may stumble upon certain strange
connotations. <o:p wfd-id="19"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Note that in
the Tulu surnames (or <i>bari</i>), it is specifically
<i>K</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">nchan.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> The
Sanskrit homonym is usually pronounced as <i>k</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">nchana</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> and is a word with several other meanings apart from gold such as
wealth, luster or various trees like sampige/champak tree, <i>atti/arti </i>tree, <i>n</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">gakesari</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> tree, <i>dattoora</i> plant, etc.
(You may find details in “Sanskrit-Kannada Nighantu” compiled by G.N.Chakravarti,
2009 edition)<o:p wfd-id="18"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Secondly, a
common feature of Tulu <i>bari</i> names is
that most of them end in suffix –an, such as Kanchan, Banjan, Anchan, Mendon, Shriyan,
Kukkiyan, etc. The Dravidian suffix <i>–an</i>
represents a male person (equivalent of “</span><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">N</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”- </span><span face=""Tunga","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin;">ಆಣ್</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">). This
suffix was also common in Early Kannada and in Tamil. In view of this the Tulu
bari <i>K</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">nchan</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> can be
analysed as- Kanch(a)+an. Then, what is the source of the word <i>K</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ncha </span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">in bari name<i> Kanchan? </i>Where it came from? And, when?<o:p wfd-id="17"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ancient Tribes and migration<o:p wfd-id="16"></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> In olden days of history most of the tribal groups
had their own individual languages and when the tribes migrated into
another territory, it was a common practice to designate the tribe by the common
word used for the male member (or tribal leader) in their tribal language.
Therefore in most tribal groups the name of the tribe represents the equivalent
word for man in their original language. (For example: Koraga, Munda, etc the tribal name means man or male person in
their original language.)<o:p wfd-id="15"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bari </span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(</span><span face=""Tunga","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin;">ಬರಿ</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> /</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "TULU SRI"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "TULU SRI"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin;">ബരി</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> ) <b>means
house<o:p wfd-id="14"></o:p></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">You might
have noted that various Tulu communities (castes) have several common ‘bari’
names. In other words you may find similar <i>bari</i>
names in different Tulu caste communities. This is because the original ‘bari’
groups were formed or founded in Tulunadu well before the formation of castes groups.
In other words castes were formed later in the history and the members of several
bari groups were split into different caste groups subsequently. And that is why
popular songs among the Koraga tribes remind us that the
billava, bunt and mogaveera are the children of one family of sisters.<o:p wfd-id="13"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The common Tulu
word <i>bari</i> is an interesting heritage
word. In present Tulu bari in general means side or corner. Some people
translate it into Kannada and use the modified word <i>bali</i> as found in Kundapura or Ankola. The word <i>bali</i> (</span><span face=""Tunga","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin;">ಬಳಿ</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> /</span><span face=""Tunga","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin;">ಬಳ್ಳಿ</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> is used by
Kannada speakers in the sense of a (plant) creeper or a lineage. (The Kannada
word: </span><span face=""Tunga","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin;">ಬಳಿ</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">normally means: nearby). <o:p wfd-id="12"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(Forgive me:
Though these are discussed in detail in our older posts, a summary is provided here
for the benefit of newbie readers.).</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p wfd-id="11"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Well, the original meaning of this
important heritage word: “bari” is not a
‘side’ or ‘corner’ but ‘<b>house</b>’!
During the early evolution of the Tulu, we have borrowed many words from Munda tribal
people who coexisted and lived in Tulunadu. Please note that the ancient Munda/Prakrit
word ‘bari’ (=house) has survived also in languages like Bengali. In other
words the Tulu word <i>bari</i> is
equivalent of “<i>illam</i>” (=house) tradition
of Kerala.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p wfd-id="10"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">K</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ncha</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> from Nepal<o:p wfd-id="9"></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In Nepalese language,
<i>k</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ncha</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> is a regular
word for young man, along with word <i>k</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">nchi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> applied for young lady. It appears that early in the history a
group of young people migrated south and arrived in Tulunadu and these were referred
to as Kanchan which became the name of the group or tribe. Eventually these
tribes have been assimilated with the native population and it has become one
of the ‘bari’ names in Tulunadu.<o:p wfd-id="8"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Conservatives who may hold a general notion
of closed or in situ evolution of Tulu communities may frown upon, asking what the
tangible evidences in support of this theory are. In fact there are several lines of evidences
for the exchange of people and ideas between two regions during the early
periods of history. <o:p wfd-id="7"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">One: It is
reported that the Kadamba King Mayura Varma (ca 4<sup>th</sup> century CE) who
ruled from Banavasi (now in Uttara Kannada district), brought priests (Brahmins)
and attendants from Ahichatra, (a place in Northern India) to manage and serve
in the newly installed temples in his domain/empire including coastal Tulunadu.
<o:p wfd-id="6"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Two: There is
a suggestion that Nairs of Tulunadu and Kerala were the migrated and settled members
of the Neyer tribes of Nepal.<o:p wfd-id="5"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Three: Above
all, there is a striking similarity between the architecture of Nepali temples
and the Temples of ancient Tulunadu especially the traditional spirit shrines,
suggesting that there was a regular exchange of people and ideas between these
two regions.<o:p wfd-id="4"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Four: The
founders of N</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tha cult at
Kadri, Mangaluru, Yogi Macchendra N</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">th
and his disciple Goraksha N</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">th were
originally from northern India, who had religious connections with Nepal. <o:p wfd-id="3"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Unity in diversity<o:p wfd-id="2"></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The basic
tenet of the concept India has been unity in diversity since ages. The
assimilation of tribes from different regions even during the early historical
periods only proves this point. History demands that we remember and implement this
concept of unity strongly and efficiently forgetting minor differences amongst
us, especially when some adversary with evil intentions attacks on India.<o:p wfd-id="1"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">- <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "CommercialScript BT"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Ravindra <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mundkur</span><span style="font-family: "CommercialScript BT"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p wfd-id="0"></o:p></span></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-72366575928348013492020-07-14T15:51:00.002+05:302020-07-20T14:49:21.362+05:30431. The case of extra vowels in Tulu language<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">The
Tulu language has preserved a few extra vowels (or additional phonemes) which
are not explicitly found or preserved now in many of the sister languages. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Are
you aware of these extra vowels? Or do you use them in writing in Tulu? We
shall make a review of these extra vowels in this post.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">English
alphabets basically have only five vowels namely: a, e, i, o and u.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="273"> </span>However most of the Indian languages have
detailed vowel structures based on refined phoneme structure of Sanskrit
alphabets. Because of the limited number of 26 alphabets in English the
non-English people have to specifically learn the pronunciation of different
words to match the language as spoken by the natives of England or America,
whereas in the case of Indian languages the pronunciation of words is mostly
fixed, as there are generalized pronunciation guides, specifically earmarked for
each phoneme and thankfully you need not learn pronunciation of each and every individual
word.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Do
you write in Tulu language? In case you are a regular Tulu writer chances are
that you are adopting the existing Kannada script for writing in Tulu. The
ancient Tulu script (which was evolved based on the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="272"> </span>ancient Tigal<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="271">ā</span>ri script) even though
actively promoted nowadays in Tulu circles is still in the initial stages in
terms of popularity. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">In
case you are habituated in writing Tulu adopting the existing Kannada fonts you
must have encountered problems in writing or reading certain words that have
dual pronunciations though spellings are the same! The problem is due to the
presence of extra vowels in Tulu - which are not found in modern Kannada
alphabets.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Modern Tulu script<o:p wfd-id="319"></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Modern
printing in Tulu language was initiated by the Basel Mission at Mangaluru in
the year 1842. The Basel Mission Press established at Mangaluru in the year
1834 was the deciding factor in adopting Kannada script for writing/printing in
modern Tulu.<span style="font-family: cambria, serif;" wfd-id="270"> The decision was made
probably on the ground that the local people were familiar with the Kannada
script and language. Brigel in his first Tulu grammar (1872) stated that in the
case of Tulu: “For writing a modification of the Malayalam alphabet was in
vogue till the Basel Mission Press employed <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Canarese</i>
characters in printing.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="269"> </span>The first printed book was the Tulu
translation of Gospel of St Mathew, employing the Kannada script. This was
followed by Tulu translation of New Testament in the year 1847 and a new
typographical edition of the same in the year 1859. In the year 1856 Rev. G. Kammarer
compiled a compiled a collection of about 2000 Tulu words, but unfortunately he
died in 1858 before it could be printed and published in a book format. In the
year 1872 Rev J. Brigel compiled “A grammar of Tulu language” printed at the
Basel Mission Press, Mangaluru. Rev A. Manner updated the collection of Tulu
words undertaken by Rev. Makkerer and published the first Tulu English
Dictionary in the year 1886 followed by another English Tulu Dictionary in the
year 1888.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Brigel
(1872) in his “A Grammar of the Tu<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="268">ḷ</span>u language” suggested that Kannada
(known as “Canarese” then) can be considered as the modern Tulu alphabet. He reported
15 vowels for Tu<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="267">ḷ</span>u which consists of 14 standard vowels (6 short, 6 long
and 2 diphthongal) common in Kannada and Tulu plus an indefinite vowel for
which he showed English equivalent of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: cambria, serif;" wfd-id="266">ụ</span></b> (Fig 430-1). He gave example
of “ <span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="265">ತ್ </span><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;" wfd-id="264">“</span> (t’) to
show how it attaches to the consonants. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-s2YrN_Oj6I4/Xw2D7q0T3rI/AAAAAAAAQLQ/0msmZ_x6vRAkJuuu1ZpvZhVpNaZh1Fw6wCNcBGAsYHQ/s1070/430.1%2Bproposed%2Beyh%2Bfont%2Bstyles%2B%25282%2529.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="753" data-original-width="1070" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-s2YrN_Oj6I4/Xw2D7q0T3rI/AAAAAAAAQLQ/0msmZ_x6vRAkJuuu1ZpvZhVpNaZh1Fw6wCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/430.1%2Bproposed%2Beyh%2Bfont%2Bstyles%2B%25282%2529.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig 430.1 Indefinite vowels in Tulu. (1.) Basel Mission print style up to 1872. (2.) Adopted by Brigel (1872).<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="263"> </span>[However, it should be noted that he has also used
an alternate symbol especially in “remark” sections in the same book.(Fig 431-1)]
though no explanations were given for the usage of the alternate symbol.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="262"> </span>Probably, this was the symbol in vogue before]</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="261">Indefinite vowel</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="260">
: </span></b><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="259">ಉ್</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">S.U.
Paniyadi (Srinivasa Upadhyaya Paniyadi: 1897-1959) in his youth was highly
inspired and impressed by the contribution of Basel Missionaries to the
exposition of Tulu grammar and Tulu dictionary. He improvised the Tulu grammar
pioneered the missionaries and brought out “Tulu Vy<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="258">ā</span>karana” in Tulu language in
the year 1932. He has also used Kannada alphabets for the Tulu script.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Paniyadi
(1932) recognized the indefinite vowel proposed by Brigel assigned it a status as
a milder form of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="257"> </span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="256">ಉ</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="255"> </span>with
the indefinite or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pause</i></b> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="254"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="253"> </span>symbol attached to it <span style="font-family: cambria, serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;" wfd-id="252">ie.,</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="251">ಉ್</span></b>
<span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="250">(</span><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga;" wfd-id="249">ụ</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="248">)</span> . He suggested that there are only six basic vowels
in Tulu, namely: <span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="247">ಅ (a), ಇ (i) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ಉ್</b>(</span><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga;" wfd-id="246">ụ</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="245">), <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ಎ್</b>(</span><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga;" wfd-id="244">є</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="243">), ಎ(e) ,ಒ</span> (o). Further,
Paniyadi emphasized that the Tu<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="242">ḷ</span>u alphabets in modern usage need more
vowels especially to accommodate, express and write words borrowed from other
languages. Thus, he concluded a set of 16 vowels for Tu<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="241">ḷ</span>u as follows:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="240">ಅ, ಆ, ಇ, ಈ, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-language: KN;" wfd-id="239">ಉ್</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="238">,</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-language: KN;" wfd-id="237">ಊ್,</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="236">
</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="235">ಉ, ಊ, ಎ್,
</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-language: KN;" wfd-id="234">ಏ್</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="232">,
ಎ,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="233"> </span>ಏ, ಐ,ಒ, ಓ, ಔ<o:p wfd-id="280"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GAEyJXOCKe4/Xw2E7iwBJWI/AAAAAAAAQLY/aYC6z9fZ-hca-S3TlL2ZarRnoTvgGGnPACNcBGAsYHQ/s1224/430.2%2BEyh%2Bsp%2Bsymbole%2BPani%2BTL.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1008" data-original-width="1224" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GAEyJXOCKe4/Xw2E7iwBJWI/AAAAAAAAQLY/aYC6z9fZ-hca-S3TlL2ZarRnoTvgGGnPACNcBGAsYHQ/s320/430.2%2BEyh%2Bsp%2Bsymbole%2BPani%2BTL.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 430.2. Special e vowels introduced by Paniyadi (1932)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="232"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">In my opinion, the greatest contribution of
Paniyadi (1932) is the recognition of special allophone of vowel <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">e</b> existing in Tulu and assigning it a
vowel symbol of: <span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="231">ಎ್</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;" wfd-id="230">. </span><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;" wfd-id="229">He also added a
long form of the two vowels as:</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;" wfd-id="228"> </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-language: KN;" wfd-id="227">ಏ್</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN;" wfd-id="226"> </span><span lang="KN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="225">and</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN;" wfd-id="224"> </span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="223">ಊ್</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;" wfd-id="222">.</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN;" wfd-id="221"><o:p wfd-id="267"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="KN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="220">Significance of Tulu vowel:</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN;" wfd-id="219"> </span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="218">ಎ್</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="217"><o:p wfd-id="262"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="216">Why do we
need this extra vowel </span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="215">ಎ್</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="212"> in Tulu? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="214"> </span>- We need this extra vowel, because in Tulu,
there is a characteristic difference in the pronunciation of verbs in the first
person and in third person singulars, though in both cases the words are spelt
similarly. The<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="213"> </span>vowel </span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="211">ಎ್ </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="210">is
pronounced like </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="209">a</span></b><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="208"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="207">in words
such as “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a</b>pple” or “b<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a</b>t”, “b<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a</b>dge” or “m<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a</b>n</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="206">”.<o:p wfd-id="250"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="203"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="205"> </span>For example: The verb: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="204"> </span></span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="202">ಪೋಪೆ
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="201">in
the following two cases, though written/spelt same, are required in routine
usage to be pronounced with different accents so as to convey the exact intended
meaning.<o:p wfd-id="244"></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="200">1. First person singular:</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="196"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="199"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="198"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="197"> </span></span><span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="195">“</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="194"> </span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;" wfd-id="193">ಯಾನ್<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ಪೋಪೆ</b></span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN;" wfd-id="192">್</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;" wfd-id="191"> </span></b><span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="190">”</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="189"> . </span><span style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="188">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yaan poh-peyh</i>.) [= I shall go.]<o:p wfd-id="230"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="187">2.</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="186"> </span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="185">Third person singular</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="184">:</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="182"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="183"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="181">“</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="180"> ಆಯೆ
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ಪೋಪೆ </b></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="179">“</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="177">. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="178"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="175">(
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aaye po-pey.</i>) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="176"> </span>[= He shall go.]<o:p wfd-id="216"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="174">[Note:</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="173"> ಪೋಪೆ 2</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="172"> </span></i><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="171">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">popey
</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="170">)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>is the usual standard style of
pronunciation assigned/vogue in Kannada from we</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="169">
have </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="168">borrowed the modern Tulu script. Since
</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="167">ಪೋಪೆ</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="166"> 1</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="165"> </span></i><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="164">(</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;" wfd-id="163">ಪೋಪೆ</span></b><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN;" wfd-id="162">್</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="161"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="160">poh-peyh </span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="159">)
has an unusual special accent or</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="158"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="157">allophone, it needs to be distinguished with a
specified symbol or diacritic affixed to it.]<o:p wfd-id="197"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="155">Even Rev.
Brigel (1872, p.47, remarks) had noted that….“though the first person singular
in all tenses is spelt like the 3<sup>rd</sup> person masculine, they are
pronounced differently; the terminating<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="156"> </span></span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="154">ಎ</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="153"> e in the former sounding nearly like ‘a’ in m<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a</i>n, that in the latter like ‘e’ in m<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">e</i>n.”<o:p wfd-id="192"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="152">There are many
verbs in Tulu that have different accents for first and third person singulars
such as</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="151">: </span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;" wfd-id="150">ಬರ್ಪೆ, ತಿನ್ಪೆ, ಮಳ್ಪೆ, ದೀಪೆ, ದೆಪ್ಪುವೆ, ದಿಂಜಾವೆ,ತೂಪೆ,
ಸೈಪೆ, ಕೋಂಪೆ, ಬಲಿಪುವೆ, ತೋಜಾವೆ</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="149">
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="148">etc
that need to be pronounced differently when used in first and third person
singular case. <o:p wfd-id="186"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="146">Besides, there are also numerous other words in
Tulu that make use of the specific allophone of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">e</b> such as :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="147"> </span></span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;" wfd-id="145">ಅಪ್ಪೆ, ಅಮ್ಮೆ, ಆನೆ, ಆಸೆ,ಅಳೆ,
ಇತ್ತೆ, , ಕತೆ, ಕತ್ತಲೆ, ಕರಂಡೆ, ಗಂಟೆ, ಬೇತೆ, ಬೇನೆ, ಮಾಲೆ, ಮೋಕೆ</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="144"> ….etc.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="143"><o:p wfd-id="180"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="142">Therefore, in order to distinguish the two
distinctly different accents or allophones of the vowel </span><span lang="KN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="141">ಎ </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="140">(ey) we need to introduce a special symbol to distinguish the two
accents or allophones. Brigel recognized the necessity but probably could not
implement it for want of a suitable symbol in the Kannada font at that time.
Paniyadi employed a special symbol to distinguish the first person singular
verbs, the symbol being made up of the combination of </span><span lang="KN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="139">ಎ</span><span lang="KN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="138"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="137">(“ey”) attachment symbol (</span><span lang="KN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="136">ಿ</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="135">) plus an
indefinite symbol of Brigel (</span><span lang="KN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="134">್) that </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="133">existed in
the Kannada alphabets.<o:p wfd-id="169"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="132">Change
of half vowel</span><span lang="KN" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="131">:</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="130"> </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="129">ಉ್</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="128"> to </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="127">ಅ್</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="126"><o:p wfd-id="161"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="122">Prof. M. Mariappa Bhat
and Dr Shankara Kedilaya (1967) while brought out a revised Tulu English
dictionary discussed the existence of ụ (or the half u or <span lang="KN" wfd-id="125">್</span>
diacritic) in Tulu and assigned it as vowel <span lang="KN" wfd-id="124">ಅ್</span>. The vowel <span lang="KN" wfd-id="123">ಅ್ assigned by Bhat & Kedilaya (1967) is equivalent to the ಉ್
proposed by Paniaydi (1932). The preference for ಅ್ over ಉ್ is purely
individualistic based on the geographic location of the individual
speaker/writer. The Tulu language has wide regional variations in accents, and
as such the accents and usages in the Puttur Tulu vary from those in Udupi
Tulu. Some Tulu speakers/writers have felt that the exact place of the
indefinite half vowel discussed above is somewhat in between ಅ್ and ಉ್. Thus,
for all practical purposes, we can conclude that in Tulu ಅ್ = ಉ್.<o:p wfd-id="157"></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="KN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="121">The set of vowels
for Tulu adopted by Mariappa Bhat and Shankar Kedilaya (1967)are as follows:<o:p wfd-id="154"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="120">ಅ್ ಅ ಆ ಇ ಈ, ಉ ಊ, ಎ, ಎ</span><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;" wfd-id="119">’</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="118"> ಏ ಒ ಓ, ಐ, ಔ<o:p wfd-id="150"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="117">Note that here Bhat &
Kedilaya showed the special </span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="116">ಎ</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="115"> as plain vowel without
any diacritics or added symbols, and they preferred to add the accent on the
second (</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="114">ಎ</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="113">’) which incidentally is
the regular </span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="112">ಎ</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="111"> in Kannada alphabets.<o:p wfd-id="142"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="108">Budhananda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="110"> </span>Shivalli<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="109"> </span><o:p wfd-id="138"></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" wfd-id="104">B. K. Shivalli <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="107"> </span>(1923-1982) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="106"> </span>in his Tulu grammar “Tulu Pātero” (p.84 - manuscript
composed in the years 1980-82; but the book published posthumously in 2005) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="105"> </span>adopted the following set of 14 vowels for
Tulu. <o:p wfd-id="133"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="103">ಅ್, ಅ, ಆ, ಇ, ಈ, ಉ, ಊ, ಎ್, ಎ, ಏ, ಐ, ಒ ಓ, ಔ</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="102"><o:p wfd-id="130"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Special Vowels in
Tulu Lexicon<o:p wfd-id="128"></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="101">Tulu
lexicon: volume I (1988), in section on methodology, (page 30-31), has adopted the
centralized back vowel </span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="100">ಅ್</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="99">(ụ) and </span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="98">ಅ್</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="97">ೕ</span><span lang="KN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="96"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="95">(ụụ- as)and lower mid front vowels </span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="94">ಎ್</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="93">(є) </span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="92">ಎ್</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="88">(єє)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="91">
</span>in the lexicon. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="90"> </span>The lexicon
emphasized that “..the Tulu sound which is different from the Kannada e should
be given a separate symbol.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="89"> </span>The list of
vowels adopted in the lexicon is as follows:<o:p wfd-id="114"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="87">ಅ್, ಅ್</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: KN;" wfd-id="86">ೕ</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="85">, ಅ, ಆ, ಇ ಈ, ಉ, ಊ, ಋ, ಋ, ಎ್ ಎ್</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: KN;" wfd-id="84">ೕ</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="82">, ಎ ಏ, ಒ ಓ, ಐ, ಔ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="83"> </span><o:p wfd-id="107"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="81">Tulu Lexicon,
Volume One, p.31 <o:p wfd-id="105"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="80">“ The
vowels do have a lower allophone in the word final position before pause but
the lower mid front vowel noticed in Tulu is much lower than that and secondly
these two vowels show contrast and hence should be treated as distinct
entities. Since the system followed by us in conformity with the principles of
modern linguistics and since the symbol given by us is already in vogue in the
writings of the Tulu texts from the beginning of this century we did not feel
it necessary to change the symbol.”<o:p wfd-id="103"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Z5GWh1L39RU/Xw2Fqei3bbI/AAAAAAAAQLk/AnuIfpZ_ISAQZhYDOlzav_tM8Oiiv-jOgCNcBGAsYHQ/s1305/430.3%2BEyh%2Bsp%2Bsymbole%2BPani%2BTL.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="643" data-original-width="1305" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Z5GWh1L39RU/Xw2Fqei3bbI/AAAAAAAAQLk/AnuIfpZ_ISAQZhYDOlzav_tM8Oiiv-jOgCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/430.3%2BEyh%2Bsp%2Bsymbole%2BPani%2BTL.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 430.3 List of Vowels in Tulu language as proposed by various authors.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="80"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="79"><b>Tulu
Patero (2005)</b></span><span style="font-family: cambria, serif;" wfd-id="78"><o:p wfd-id="99"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="77">While</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="76"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="74">composing the
manuscript of Tulu Pātero (2005) using<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="75">
</span>the Baraha Kannada software in my desktop I found it difficult to put to
together the </span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="73">ಎ್ </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="72">symbol.</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="71"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="69"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="70"> </span>I tried to solve the problem by selecting the
degree superscript symbol (</span><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;" wfd-id="67"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;" wfd-id="68">°</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="65">) which
was available in the Standard English fonts used for MS Word in my computer. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="66"> </span>Similarly in case of problems in composing the
indefinite symbols in the middle of words apostrophe (‘) symbol can be used.</span><span style="font-size: 24pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="64"><o:p wfd-id="84"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="63">ಅ</span><span style="font-family: symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Tunga; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;" wfd-id="61"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;" wfd-id="62">°</span></span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="60"> ಅ ಆ,
ಇ, ಈ, ಉ ಊ, ಎ</span><span style="font-family: symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Tunga; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;" wfd-id="58"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;" wfd-id="59">°</span></span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="57"> ಎ ಏ,
ಒ ಓ, ಐ ಔ</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="56"><o:p wfd-id="75"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: cambria, serif;" wfd-id="55"><o:p wfd-id="73"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="54">Sediyapu Krishna Bhat <o:p wfd-id="71"></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="53">Apparently
Sediyapu Krishna Bhat concurred with the view of Bhat and Kedilaya who allotted
apostrophe symbol for the central e rather than the one proposed by Srinivasa
Paniyadi (1932). Sediyapu, as a member of the Tulu Lexicon project in a letter
addressed to the committee dated 1986 (vide his letters cited in Tulu Lexicon,
1988) held that the special accent symbol should be given to the other
allophone of the vowel e rather than the one proposed at present. <o:p wfd-id="69"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="52">Contrasting concepts<o:p wfd-id="67"></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="49">On review
we can find two contrasting schools of thoughts on the adoption and implementation
of the special e vowel existing in Tulu language. Paniyadi and followers are
concerned with preserving the special vowel or phoneme in Tulu whereas the
Sediyapu (and Bhat- Kedilaya) concept, while ignoring the special phoneme/vowel
in Tulu, attempts <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="51"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="50"> </span>to streamline the existing phonemes that are common
in the sister languages like Kannada. In a way, it is digression from the
central theme of the issue. Our central concern should be providing a legitimate
status for the special phoneme surviving in the heritage of the Tulu language. From
the point of preserving the characteristic phoneme in Tulu we can continue with
the vowel system adapted by the Tulu Lexicon project.<o:p wfd-id="63"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="48">Nature of
the special є vowel<o:p wfd-id="61"></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">In
essence, we can understand this indefinite vowel symbol as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pause</b> symbol, since it requires a brief
pause while pronouncing it. The phoneme or the half vowel is characteristic of
the Tulu language and heritage and we should preserve it for the posterity. It
has been opined that similar some of the sister Dravidian languages had similar
vowels. For example: Paniyadi (1932) mentions that some Tamil grammarians
accept the cited indefinite symbol either as half u <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="47">(</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="46">ಉ</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="45">) </span>or as half i <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="44">(</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="43">ಇ). </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="42">But currently you will not see the
usage of these special vowels in Tamil alphabet chart.<o:p wfd-id="54"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="40">The
special vowel: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="41"> </span></span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="39">ಎ್</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="38"> (</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="37">є) when combined with consonants carries
a pronunciation which can be analysed as: pause-(eh+ye)-pause. In other words
the </span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="36">ಎ್</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="35">,</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="34"> begins
after a pause and has a pronunciation transitional in between </span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="33">ಎ</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="32"> (eh) and </span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="31">ಯೆ</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="30"> (ye) and ends with a pause. For
example: (a) </span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="29">ಯಾನ್ ಬತ್ತೆ</span><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Tunga; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;" wfd-id="27"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;" wfd-id="28">°</span></span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="26">.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="25"> Yaan batt’eh+ye’ : (=I came) (b).</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="24"> ಆಯೆ ಬತ್ತೆ : </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="23">Aaye batt’eh
(=he came). The equivalents of the same expressions in Kannada would be: (a) </span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="22">ನಾನು ಬಂದೆ(ನು):</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="21"> Naanu
bande(nu) (=I came) and (b) </span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="20">ಅವನು
ಬಂದ(ನು):</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="17"> Avanu banda(nu). (=He came). Note that in Kannada the verb affix <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="19"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="18"> </span>changes
for the first (</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="16">ಬಂದೆ</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="15"> )and
third (</span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="14">ಬಂದ</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="13">) person
singulars.<o:p wfd-id="24"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="12"><o:p wfd-id="22"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: cambria, serif;" wfd-id="11">Adopting
the special symbol<o:p wfd-id="20"></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="10">Paniyadi used
a combination of e and pause affixing symbols (Fig 430-2) way back in 1932 when
printing was done by letter press method. The Tulu Lexicon project was able to
design a custom made symbol for the special e vowel. But, modern Tulu writers
adopting the Kannada script do not have proper facilities to display the special
vowels in the Tulu texts. The printing technology has evolved since the days of
Paniyadi. And with prevailing desk top publishing technology, the Tulu writers have
depended on the existing Kannada script software, like Nudi, Baraha, Pada etc. In
general, these are designed to compose in standard Kannada and as such lack essential
facilities for expressing the special Tulu words precisely. The Tulu Wikipedia,
for example, makes use of the existing Kannada software without appropriate
modifications for Tulu and the contributors are unable to display the special
vowels of Tulu language. Even the indefinite vowel symbol of Brigel, though
exists in Kannada also, cannot properly be displayed in Tulu especially when it
comes in the middle of a word, because of the glyph combination encoding used
specifically to suit Kannada.<o:p wfd-id="18"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lrK_6X4PaA8/Xw2GHeDg-8I/AAAAAAAAQLs/t-AokZ7TUgYXNs1eBT6mDHIdq6WFWL4jwCNcBGAsYHQ/s1181/430.4%2Bproposed%2Beyh%2Bfont%2Bstyles%2B%25281%2529.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="834" data-original-width="1181" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lrK_6X4PaA8/Xw2GHeDg-8I/AAAAAAAAQLs/t-AokZ7TUgYXNs1eBT6mDHIdq6WFWL4jwCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/430.4%2Bproposed%2Beyh%2Bfont%2Bstyles%2B%25281%2529.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 430.4.Affixing symbols proposed by (1) Paniyadi<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> (2) Tulu Patero (3,4,5) This blog.<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="10"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: cambria, serif;" wfd-id="9">Dedicated
fonts for Tulu<o:p wfd-id="15"></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="8">Most of us
are currently using the existing Kannada script as modern Tulu script for writing
and printing at least since last 150 years as the Basel Mission Press printed the
initial Tulu books employing the Kannada fonts. Most of us, except those Tuluva
people born and brought up in other parts of India or the world, we are quite familiar
with the Kannada language and script. Hence we can </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="8">continue to use the same
script adapted as modern Tulu script, since already a wealth of Tulu data and
literature published in the modern Tulu script. <o:p wfd-id="12"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="6">The need
of the hour is to update the modern Tulu script (which we are using currently)
to update suitably to include its special and characteristic linguistic features,
such as the special vowels. Thus, there is an imminent need for designing
dedicated Unicode fonts for Tulu incorporating the desirable symbols and
diacritics. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="7"> </span><o:p wfd-id="9"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="5">The symbol
for the phoneme</span><span style="font-family: cambria, serif;" wfd-id="4"> </span><span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;" wfd-id="3">ಎ್ </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="2">may be made more attractive in design
like for example as shown in Fig. 430-4 in this post.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">How does it look when you implement the special vowel <span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;">ಎ್ </span>in Tulu writing ? Check the following figure for examples. <span style="font-family: tunga, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="2"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uovGRrkJt0M/XxVgWa3CYBI/AAAAAAAAQMg/Dq3C4NOja00Hec0LvRuNthmAiUYtN8m-gCNcBGAsYHQ/s770/poomale%2Bexample.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="285" data-original-width="770" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uovGRrkJt0M/XxVgWa3CYBI/AAAAAAAAQMg/Dq3C4NOja00Hec0LvRuNthmAiUYtN8m-gCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/poomale%2Bexample.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">430-5 . Two examples for using the special vowel in Tulu words "poomaale" and "lekhanamaale".<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><o:p wfd-id="4"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="2"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="1">- Ravindra
Mundkur</span><span style="font-family: cambria, serif;" wfd-id="0"><o:p wfd-id="1"></o:p></span></p><br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-60748765964782353702020-05-29T17:37:00.001+05:302020-05-29T17:37:26.288+05:30429. Etymology of Pernāl: A festival<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="29"> </span>Recently our Muslim brethren at the end of the
month of fasting celebrated the festival locally known as, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="28"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="27"> </span>“ Pern<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="26">āl” in Tulu
as well as Byāri languages</span>. The Pern<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="25">āl is a big day or day of festival for
the Muslims.</span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><font size="4">Besides
Muslims, Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala have also adopted the word for “Pindikuthi
Perunn<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="24">ā</span>l”,
a festival celebrated by their community on January 6<sup>th</sup> every year.
Incidentally the term “ pindikuthi” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="23"> </span>refers to the trunk of banana plant with
torches/lamps pierced on it and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="22"> </span>installed in front of houses during the
celebration of the festival. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="21"> </span>The term Perunn<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="20">ā</span>l
is equivalent of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="19"> </span>the Tulu/Byari word <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="18"> </span>Pern<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="17">ā</span>l.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><font size="4"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="16"> </span>The word <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pern</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="15">āl</span></b> is interesting <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="14"> </span>from the viewpoint of evolution of Dravidian languages
and culture. The etymology of the word can be traced to various Dravidian languages
as it is also found in Malayalam and Tamil languages as “Perunn<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="13">ā</span>l”.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><font size="4">Peru=big,
great; large. n<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="12">ā</span>l= day. Thus, the word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pern</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="11">ā</span>l</i> means a big day ; a festival; or
a day of festival</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><font size="4">The
word “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">peru</b>” is common in Tulu place
names such as: Peruvayi, Perla, Perne, Periadka, Peramoger and so on. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="10"> </span>In daily usage we can find: “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">permari</i>”(= big snake or python), “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">piriya</i>” (=costly; an item of big value),
“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">periyappe</i>” (=literally: big mother; actually
refers to mothers elder sister), “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">periyamme</i>”
( fathers elder brother) etc. However, strangely the suffix “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">n</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="9">ā</span>l</b>”
is missing in current usage of Tulu language. It might have been lost during
the process of lingual evolution in Tulu. Contrastingly, we find the word <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">n</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="8">ā</span>l </b>still
prevailing in the neighborly Kannada language in the form of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">n</i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="7">ā</span>le</i>
</b>(=tomorrow)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">n</i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="6">ā</span>liddu</i>
</b>(=day after tomorrow) etc.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><font size="4">In
the current usage of Tulu language, the word Pern<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;" wfd-id="5">ā</span>l, is used exclusively for the
Muslim festival. For other festivals, Tulu people have adopted an alternate
word “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">parba</i></b>” apparently derived from Prakrit that prevailed in the region
during early centuries of the Common Era. (The Kannada equivalent is “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">habba</i>”). The word “parba”, prevails in
Sanskrit in the form of “parva”.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><font size="4">In
this context, it reminds me another Dravidian word “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">palli</i>”. The word palli originally represented a congregation or a group
of people assembled together or a village center. The word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">palli</i> also existed in old Kannada. The modern Kannada equivalent of
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">palli</i> is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">halli</i>, the village. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="4"> </span>Muslims
settled in the coastal region probably around 7th century CE onwards, adopted
the word palli to represent mosques where community gatherings were held for
prayer etc. After wards, the word palli was used exclusively for mosques and
other implications were discontinued.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><font size="4">The short
note is an example just to show how changes takes place in the word usages with
passage of time due to prevailing <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="3"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;" wfd-id="2"> </span>environmental conditions</font>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "CommercialScript BT"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="1">R.</span><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="0"><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-32221000973874310682020-04-11T19:15:00.011+05:302020-04-12T08:57:04.737+05:30428. Tingoḍe aka Singoḍe & Tulu Calendar<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="397">We hear
occasionally some archaic words in Tulu spoken by elderly people. In the list
of archaic Tulu words such as <i>R<b>u</b>mi,
S</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="396">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="395">yer or Sayir </span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="391"><span wfd-id="394"> </span>( You may read our older Posts on these) etc, <span wfd-id="393"> </span>we may add the word <span wfd-id="392"> </span>‘<i>Tingo</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="390">ḍ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="389">e</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="387"> <span wfd-id="388"> </span>or <i>Singo</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="386">ḍ</span></i></font><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="385"><font face="georgia" size="4">e’</font><span style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="422"> (</span></span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="384">ತಿಂಗೊಡೆ/ಸಿಂಗೊಡೆ - </span><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="382">pronounced
with short vowel. <span wfd-id="383"> </span>Most of the p</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="381">resent-day young generation may
be quite unaware of such archaic word usages. <o:p wfd-id="415"></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="380">What is this
word <i>Tingo</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="379">ḍ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="378">e </span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="377">aka<i> Singo</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="376">ḍ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="375">e</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="373">
signify?<span wfd-id="374"> </span>Let us elucidate.<o:p wfd-id="406"></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="372"><font face="georgia" size="4">Tulu Months<o:p wfd-id="404"></o:p></font></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="370"><font face="georgia" size="4">In Tulu Nadu,
natives follow a calendar based on Solar system (Sauram<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="323">ā</span>na Paddhati).<span wfd-id="371"> </span>Tulu months are: <o:p wfd-id="401"></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="369">(1) <b><i>Paggu</i></b>
: (<i>Mesha</i> = <i>Chaitra-Vaish</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="368">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="367">ka</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="366">, April-May), <o:p wfd-id="396"></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="365">(2) <b><i>Besha</i></b>
: (<i>Vrishabh</i>a = <i>Vaish</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="364">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="363">kha-Jeshtha</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="362">, May-June),</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center;" wfd-id="361">(3<b><i>)
K</i></b><b style="text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="323">ā</span></i></b><b><i>rtel</i></b> : (<i>Mithuna</i> = <i>Jeshtha- </i></span><i style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="360">Ā</span></i><i style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="359">sh</span></i><i style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="358">āḍ</span></i><i style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="357">a</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center;" wfd-id="356">, June-July),</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="354"><span wfd-id="355"> </span>(4) <b><i>Aa</i></b></span><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="353">ṭ</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="352">i : </span></i></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="351">(<i>Karkataka</i>
= </span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="350">Ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="349">sh</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="348">āḍ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="347">a -Shr</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="346">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="345">vana</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="344">, July-Aug), <o:p wfd-id="373"></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="343">(5) <b><i>Sona</i></b>
: (<i>Simha</i> – <i>Shr</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="342">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="341">vana -Bh</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="340">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="339">drapada</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="338">, Aug-Sept), <o:p wfd-id="366"></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="337">(6) <b><i>Kanya</i></b>/<b><i>Nirn</i></b></span><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="336">ā</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="335">l</span></i></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="333"> : (<i>Kanya</i><span wfd-id="334">
</span>= <i>Bh</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="332">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="331">drapada- </span></i></font><i style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px;">Ashwayuja</i><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="330">, Sept-Oct), <o:p wfd-id="357"></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="329">(7) <b><i>Bontel</i></b>
: (<i>Tula</i> = <i>Ashwayuja -K</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="328">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="327">rtika</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="326">, Oct-Nov),<o:p wfd-id="352"></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="324"><span wfd-id="325"> </span>(8) <b><i>J</i></b></span><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="323">ā</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="322">rde:</span></i></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="321"> ((<i>Vrishchika</i>
= <i>K</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="320">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="319">rtika -Margashira</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="318">, Nov-Dec), <o:p wfd-id="343"></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="317"><font face="georgia" size="4">(9) <b><i>Perarde:</i></b>
(<i>Dhanu</i> = <i>Margashira-Pushya</i>, Dec-Jan), <o:p wfd-id="341"></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="315">(10) <b><i>Puyintel</i></b>
: (<i>Makara</i> <i>=<span wfd-id="316"> </span>Pushya-M</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="314">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="313">gha</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="312">, (Jan-Feb), <o:p wfd-id="335"></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="311">(11) <b><i>M</i></b></span><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="310">ā</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="309">yi: </span></i></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="308">(<i>Kumbha</i> = <i>M</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="307">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="306">gha -Phalguna</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="305">, Feb-March), and <o:p wfd-id="327"></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="302"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span wfd-id="304"> </span>(12<b><i>)<span wfd-id="303">
</span>Suggi</i></b> : (<i>Meena</i> = <i>Phalguna-Chaitra</i>, March-April).</font><o:p style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="323"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="301"><o:p wfd-id="321"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="300"><font face="georgia" size="4">Tingode >
Singode <o:p wfd-id="319"></o:p></font></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="299">First day of
a Tulu month has been designated “<i>Tingo</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="298">ḍ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="297">e</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="296">
or <i>Singo</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="295">ḍ</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="294">e”
and the last day is called “Sankr</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="293">ā</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="291">nti”.<span wfd-id="292">
</span><i>Sankr</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="290">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="289">nti</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="288">
means transition. In other words, Sankr</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="287">ā</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="284">nti
refers to <span wfd-id="286"> </span><span wfd-id="285"> </span>the day when sun appears to enter a new
constellation in the sky. So a day following a Sankr</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="283">ā</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="281">nti
<span wfd-id="282"> </span>is <i>Tingo</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="280">ḍ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="279">e</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="278">
or <i>Singo</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="277">ḍ</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="275">e.<span wfd-id="276"> </span>Inversely, a day preceding a <i>Tingo</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="274">ḍ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="273">e</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="272"> or <i>Singo</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="271">ḍ</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="270">e is
<i>Sankr</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="269">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="268">nti</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="267">.<o:p wfd-id="285"></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="257">Those who are
following Gregorian/Julian Calendar (English Calendar), must have heard<span wfd-id="266"> </span>the <span wfd-id="265"> </span>All-India Radio<span wfd-id="264"> </span>(AIR) one-liner song, “<i>Aaj pahila taarik Hai, Aaj pahila tareek hai</i>”<span wfd-id="263"> </span>It is repeatedly sung before starting the
other AIR programmes.<span wfd-id="262"> </span>This is a reminder
to listeners to give attention to money matters (namely, payment day, budgeting
monthly wages/salaries, payment of recurring outgoings, like for milkman,
grocery shops, etc.<span wfd-id="261"> </span>We can thus
visualise the importance of Tulu first day of a month, involving planning
occupational priorities in an agrarian society and other socio-religious
rituals.<span wfd-id="260"> </span>Traditionally, <span wfd-id="259"> </span>Tuluva households <span wfd-id="258"> </span>conduct <i>pooja</i>
(prayer) in family shrines for the <i>daiva</i>s
(divine Spirits) on the day of <i>Sankr</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="256">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="255">nti</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="254">.<o:p wfd-id="271"></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="253">Etymology of Tingo</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="252">ḍ</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="251">e/
Singo</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="250">ḍ</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="249">e<o:p wfd-id="265"></o:p></span></b></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="248">In our
opinion, the word is related to the Tulu word “<i>tingol</i>” (</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="247">ತಿಂಗೊಳ್)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="245">, meaning a month. Thus, the word: <span wfd-id="246"> </span><i>tingo</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="244">ḍ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="243">e</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="239"> <span wfd-id="242"> </span><span wfd-id="241"> </span>could
have originated as: <span wfd-id="240"> </span><i>ting</i> +<i>o</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="238">ḍ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="237">e</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="235"> (
which means the beginning of the month) .<span wfd-id="236">
</span><o:p wfd-id="250"></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="224"><span wfd-id="234"> </span><span wfd-id="233"> </span>Either
the ancient <span wfd-id="232"> </span><span wfd-id="231"> </span>words were designed for brevity or the original
nature of these early words must have been brief.<span wfd-id="230"> </span>Transition of letters in Tulu leading to regional
variations in pronunciations, over a period of time, was a common phenomenon in
different <span wfd-id="229"> </span><span wfd-id="228"> </span>regions.<span wfd-id="227">
</span>The consonant <span wfd-id="226"> </span><span wfd-id="225"> </span><i>ta</i> (</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="223">ತ</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="220">) has changed
over to <span wfd-id="222"> </span><span wfd-id="221"> </span><i>sa</i> (</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="219">ಸ</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="217">), forming <span wfd-id="218"> </span><i>Singo</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="216">ḍ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="215">e</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="214"> as
a regional variation of the <i>Tingo</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="213">ḍ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="212">e</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="211">
during the passage of time. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Nirmala UI", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="208">Now in different Tulu regions the words <span wfd-id="210"> </span><span wfd-id="209"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="207">Singo</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="206">ḍ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="204">e <span wfd-id="205"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="203">and<i> </i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Nirmala UI", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="200"><span wfd-id="202"> </span><span wfd-id="201"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="199">Tingo</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="198">ḍ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="197">e</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Nirmala UI", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="194"> <span wfd-id="196"> </span><span wfd-id="195"> </span>are used
interchangeably</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="194">.<font face="nirmala ui, sans-serif"><o:p wfd-id="208"></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="193">Other
equivalents of </span></b><i><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="192">Tingo</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="191">ḍ</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="190">e/
Singo</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="189">ḍ</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="188">e</span></b></i></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="180">Other <span wfd-id="183"> </span>known <span wfd-id="182"> </span>regional / tribal equivalents of the<span wfd-id="181"> </span>words </span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="179">Singo</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="178">ḍ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="176">e <span wfd-id="177"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="175">or<i> </i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="172"><span wfd-id="174"> </span><span wfd-id="173"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="171">Tingo</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="170">ḍ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="169">e</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="165"> <span wfd-id="168"> </span><span wfd-id="167"> </span>in Tulu
language <span wfd-id="166"> </span>include: <i>Tingalo</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="164">ḍ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="163">u, Tingal</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="162">ū</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="161">ḍ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="160">u, Tingaludyo, Chinga</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="159">ḍ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="158">e</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="156"> <span wfd-id="157"> </span>etc ( See: Tulu
Lexicon , Volume 6, page 2936)</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="155">Sauram</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="154">ā</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="153">na Yug</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="152">ā</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="151">di </span></b></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="148">Sauram</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="147">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="146">na Yug</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="145">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="144">di</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="143">, i.e. Solar New Year, falls on tingo</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="142">ḍ</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="141">e/ singo</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="140">ḍ</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="131">e of <span wfd-id="139"> </span><span wfd-id="138"> </span><i>Paggu</i>, the first month of Tulu Calendar.
The auspicious day is also celebrated <span wfd-id="137"> </span><span wfd-id="136"> </span>by name of <span wfd-id="135"> </span><i>vishu</i> (Kerala) or <i>bisu (Tulunadu)</i>.<span wfd-id="134"> </span><span wfd-id="133"> </span>This
year, it falls on 14<sup>th</sup> April, 2020, the next day of <i>Mesha Sankranti</i>. As per the Indian solar calendar system, the Sun transits from the star Revati to star Ashwini in the sky, appearing to our eyes as a result of the rotation of the earth in relation to Sun. ( <span wfd-id="132"> In terms of lunar cycle it is usually the seventh day from full moon day or <i>poornima</i>.). The </span><o:p wfd-id="147"></o:p></span></font><i style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;" wfd-id="148">Sauram</span></i><i style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;" wfd-id="147">ā</span></i><i style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;" wfd-id="146">na Yug</span></i><i style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;" wfd-id="145">ā</span></i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;" wfd-id="163"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;" wfd-id="144"><i>di </i>is known as <i>Varusa-pirappu</i>, <i>Chitirai-visu</i> or <i>Putan</i></span></span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;" wfd-id="178">ḍ</span></i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;" wfd-id="160"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;" wfd-id="144"><i>u</i> in Tamilnadu. In Bengal it is known as <i>"Pohala boishak </i>"(literally: first of Vaishaka), "<i>nabha barsha"</i> (literally: new year). In Odissa, it is known as "<i>Maha vishuba sankranti</i>". In Assam, </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;" wfd-id="158"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;" wfd-id="155">Sauram</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;" wfd-id="156"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;" wfd-id="154">ā</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;" wfd-id="154"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;" wfd-id="153">na Yug</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;" wfd-id="152"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;" wfd-id="152">ā</span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;" wfd-id="150"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;" wfd-id="151">di is celebrated as : "<i>Bohag bihu</i>" or "<i>Rongali bihu</i>." In Punjab it is celebrated as "<i>Baisakhi</i>".</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;" wfd-id="155">Chandram</span></b><b style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;" wfd-id="154">ā</span></b><b style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;" wfd-id="153">na Yug</span></b><b style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;" wfd-id="152">ā</span></b><b style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;" wfd-id="151">di </span></b><b style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;" wfd-id="151">/Ug</span></b><b style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;" wfd-id="150">ā</span></b><b style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;" wfd-id="149">di</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="130">In the case of Chandram</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="129">ā</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="128">na or lunar system , the Yug</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="127">ā</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="123">di,(beginning day of the lunar year)
also known as <i>gudi padva </i>in Maharashtra<i> </i><span wfd-id="126"> </span>is on first day of the Chaitra month</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="117">. <span wfd-id="120"> </span>Thus, <span wfd-id="119"> </span>the <span wfd-id="118"> </span><i>Chandram</i></span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="116">ā</span></i><i style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="115">na</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="113"> <span wfd-id="114"> </span><i>Yug</i></span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="112">ā</span></i><i style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="111">adi</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="110"> has been celebrated on 25<sup>th</sup>
of March this year, i.e. on <i>Shukla p</i></span><i style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="109">ā</span></i><i style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="108">dya</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="107"> or <i>pratipada</i>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="106"><font face="georgia" size="4">Naming System<o:p wfd-id="120"></o:p></font></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="105">In Lunar
(Chandram</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="104">ā</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="102">na) system, there is two fortnights - one for the
waxing moon (<i>Shukla Paksha</i>)and the
other for waning moon (<i>Krishna Paksha</i>).<span wfd-id="103"> </span>Each fortnight, days <i>(tithis</i>) are named sequentially as: <i>P</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="101">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="100">dya, Bidige, Tadige, Chaturthi,
Panchami, Shashti, Saptami, Ashtami, Navami, Dashami, Ek</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="99">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="98">dashi,
Dw</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="97">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="96">dashi, Trayodashi and Chaturdashi</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="93">
(Shukla <span wfd-id="95"> </span>Paksha 14 + Krishna Paksha 14 +2
- one for <i>Poornim</i>a (Full Moon Day)
and the other for <i>Amavashye</i> (New Moon
Day).<span wfd-id="94"> </span>The month starts with <i>Shukla Paksha</i> and ends with <i>Krishna Paksha</i>.<o:p wfd-id="106"></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="92">We think,
there has been a naming system for all days of a Tuluva month in Solar (Sauram</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="91">ā</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="87">na)
System.<span wfd-id="90"> </span>The Tulu months <span wfd-id="89"> </span><span wfd-id="88"> </span>begin with
</span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="86">tingo</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="85">ḍ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="84">e/ singo</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="83">ḍ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="82">e</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="80"> <span wfd-id="81"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="79">and ends with a <i>Sankr</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="78">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="77">nti</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="70">.<span wfd-id="76"> </span>What were the other names used for other days
in the Tulu months?<span wfd-id="75"> </span>There may be some
elderly people who are still <span wfd-id="74"> </span><span wfd-id="73"> </span>aware of these names in the traditional Tulu
day naming system, now largely forgotten.<span wfd-id="72">
</span>We have tried to elicit information but so far not successful.<span wfd-id="71"> </span>If any of our readers are aware these
forgotten names for days in Tulu month, please share the data with us in this
blog.<o:p wfd-id="82"></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="69">In lighter
vein, there is an old idiom in Tulu language: </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "arial unicode ms", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="68">“</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="66">ಕೆಬಿ ಕೇಣಂದಿನಾಯಡ ಗುಟ್ಟು<span wfd-id="67"> </span>ಪಾತೆರುನು</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="64">.“<span wfd-id="65"> </span>(</span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="63">kebi kenandin</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="62">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="60">yada<span wfd-id="61"> </span>gu</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="59">ṭṭ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="57">u<span wfd-id="58">
</span>p</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="56">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="55">terunu</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="46">). </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Nirmala UI", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="46">On literal translation, this
means:<span wfd-id="54"> </span><i>Discussing <span wfd-id="53"> </span><span wfd-id="52"> </span>a secret<a name="_GoBack"></a> <span wfd-id="51"> </span><span wfd-id="50"> </span>with <span wfd-id="49"> </span>a deaf man</i>.<span wfd-id="48"> </span>It is a ridicule of a man doing useless
work.<span wfd-id="47"> </span><font face="nirmala ui, sans-serif"><o:p wfd-id="57"></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Nirmala UI", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="38"><span style="font-family: "nirmala ui", sans-serif;" wfd-id="45"> </span>We hope we are <span wfd-id="44"> </span><span wfd-id="43"> </span>not
doing such exercises.<span wfd-id="42"> </span><span wfd-id="41"> </span>We sincerely anticipate meaningful feedbacks <span wfd-id="40"> </span><span wfd-id="39"> </span>from
our readers to make our efforts worthwhile. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="37"><o:p wfd-id="47"></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="36">Suggested Reading </span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="33">in<b> <span wfd-id="35"> </span>this
blog: <span wfd-id="34"> </span></b></span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="32">Tulu Studies - Previous Posts</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="31">: <o:p wfd-id="40"></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="29"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span wfd-id="30"> </span># 338/ 24.05.2014 - Tulu
Calendar,<o:p wfd-id="37"></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="26"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span wfd-id="28"> </span># <span wfd-id="27"> </span>348/ 29.07.2015 - <i>R<b>u</b>mi</i>,<o:p wfd-id="33"></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="23"><font face="georgia" size="4"><span wfd-id="25"> </span># 358/ 02.04.2016 - <i>Sayer</i> <span wfd-id="24"> </span>or <i>Sayir</i><o:p wfd-id="29"></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="22"><o:p wfd-id="27"><font face="georgia" size="4"> </font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="georgia" size="4"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="21">We wish all our readers a happy and prosperous </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="20">Sauram</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="19">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="18">na Yug</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="17">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="16">di , </span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="13">with a sincere prayer that<i> </i>the auspicious day give us all strength
to renew our energy levels <span wfd-id="15"> </span>to fight courageously
the dreaded disease covid- 19 caused by Corona Virus, in spite of many
hardships caused by lock-down.<span wfd-id="14"> </span>Let us spiritedly
adhere to lock-down instructions to the letter, to drive away the common foe.<o:p style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="17"></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="12"><o:p wfd-id="15"><font face="georgia" size="4"> </font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="11"><o:p wfd-id="13"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="10">Ravindra Mundk</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="9">ū</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="5">r <span wfd-id="8"> </span><span wfd-id="7"> </span>& <span wfd-id="6"> </span>Hosabe</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="4">ṭṭ</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="3">u Vishwan</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="2">ā</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="1">th</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="0"><o:p wfd-id="1"></o:p></span></i></p><br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-76379471292009769092020-04-09T10:14:00.001+05:302020-04-13T09:36:08.842+05:30427. Ancient capitals of Tulunadu<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Recently
there is a Tulu quiz questionnaire on history making rounds in <i>Whatsapp</i> groups, presumably meant for
shedding lockdown blues and the boredom. The first question was: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: medium;">Which was the capital of ancient Tulunadu?<o:p wfd-id="34"></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">The most popular
answer was: <i>B</i><i><span wfd-id="28">ā</span>rk</i><i><span wfd-id="27">ū</span>ru</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Yes, <i>B</i><i><span wfd-id="26">ā</span>rk</i><i><span wfd-id="25">ū</span>ru <span wfd-id="24"> </span>(B</i><i><span wfd-id="23">ā</span>rak</i><i><span wfd-id="22">ū</span>ru)</i> is the most popular choice
because of reasonably well preserved monuments and relics that remind you the
glory of the bygone history of the land. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">However, the popular
answer also belied the fact that most Tulu people are not aware of the fact
that Tulu kings known as Alupas had about four to five capitals during
different periods of the past history. Some of these capitals were older than <i>B</i><i><span wfd-id="21">ā</span>rk</i><i><span wfd-id="20">ū</span>ru, </i>but generally ignored because
of absence of visible relics of monuments. And it should be remembered that <i>B</i><i><span wfd-id="19">ā</span>rk</i><i><span wfd-id="18">ū</span>ru </i>was ruled not only by<i> Alupas </i>but also by Kannada rulers of<i> Hoysala </i>and<i> Vijayanagara </i>dynasties<i>.</i>
Thus, many of the monuments we see at <i>B</i><i><span wfd-id="17">ā</span>rk</i><i><span wfd-id="16">ū</span>ru</i>
were possibly built by Vijayanagar rulers.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2rQpn9GuC-w/XpPkYKD3B2I/AAAAAAAAPxw/fn2yi0F9vL0z6AzJyneAZEJcVp8SWDBZgCNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Alupa%2Bcapitals%2Bin%2BTulunadu20.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1311" data-original-width="1600" height="327" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2rQpn9GuC-w/XpPkYKD3B2I/AAAAAAAAPxw/fn2yi0F9vL0z6AzJyneAZEJcVp8SWDBZgCNcBGAsYHQ/s400/Alupa%2Bcapitals%2Bin%2BTulunadu20.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1. Historical Alupa capitals in Tulunadu.</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">The capitals
(administrative centers) of Alupa dynasty in Tulunadu, chronologically are as
follows:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Alape</b> (Eastern Mangaluru):<span wfd-id="15"> </span><i>ca.</i> 700 BC – ca 300 CE</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Mang</b><b><span wfd-id="14">ā</span>ra</b> (P<span wfd-id="13">ā</span>ndeshwara,
Western Mangaluru): <i>ca</i>. 400 CE -700
CE</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Udyavara</b>: <i>ca</i>. 700 CE- 1155
CE</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>B</b><b><span wfd-id="12">ā</span>rk</b><b><span wfd-id="11">ū</span>ru</b>:
<i>ca.</i> 1155 - 1370 CE<span wfd-id="10"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Manjeshwara</b>: <i>ca</i> 1321- 1346
CE<span wfd-id="9"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>M</b><b><span wfd-id="8">ū</span>dabidre</b>: <i>ca</i>. 1355 - 1410 CE</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">The Barkur as well as the
Mangaluru was further occupied by the governors of Vijayanagara kings in the
year ca. 1348 onwards, though they apparently permitted the Alupas to utilize their
hereditary rights.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Mangaluru
(Mangalapura) appears to have continued as their headquarters/capital till the
beginning of 15<sup>th</sup> century, possibly managed by members of Alupa family,
even during they had additional capitals at Udy<span wfd-id="7">ā</span>vara, B<span wfd-id="6">ā</span>rk<span wfd-id="5">ū</span>ru, Manjeshwara or M<span wfd-id="4">ū</span>dabidre.
Some members of their dynasty also established themselves for certain durations
at Banavasi (with Kadambas) and Badami (with Chalukyas) in mainland of
Karnataka.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9TiLIZoLEmg/XpPk2MEUhiI/AAAAAAAAPx4/08Y2ZadXGBoZftN-3oPoCwv1eTUPhaNpgCNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Mangaluru%2BAlupa1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="961" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9TiLIZoLEmg/XpPk2MEUhiI/AAAAAAAAPx4/08Y2ZadXGBoZftN-3oPoCwv1eTUPhaNpgCNcBGAsYHQ/s400/Mangaluru%2BAlupa1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">2. Ancient places of Mangaluru significant in the Alupa history</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Alape</b> in eastern part of Mangaluru is the original village that
gave the dynastic surname to the Alupa rulers. The location of administrative center/palace
was to different locations within Mangaluru during the prolonged span of their rule
over Tulunadu. In the early periods they named their capital/palace areas as <b>Alake</b> or <b>Alaka</b>, named after the capital of Kubera, the lord of wealth. There
are at least two places known as Alake in Mangaluru even today, even though the
ancient relics of the historical monuments of those days may not have survived
the vagaries of time. One Alake is located within Padavu (old village limits),
near Bikarnakatte; the other Alake is near Kudroli in Western Mangaluru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">King of<b> Mang</b><b><span wfd-id="3">ā</span>ra</b>
and hill of Mangara has been cited in certain Tulu pa<span wfd-id="2">ḍ</span>danas. The Mangara is the
western part of present Mangala devi area, where a B<span wfd-id="1">ū</span>ta shrine exists even now
carrying the locality name of Mang<span wfd-id="0">ā</span>ra. <b>Kulashekara</b> area on Mangaluru-Mudabidre road is named after one of
the Alupa ruler of the same name.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Many of the points
relating to the analysis of these historical aspects have been discussed earlier
in our previous posts in this blog. (Note: The chronological dates mentioned could
be approximate, subject to validations based on further studies.)</span></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-65711282934576547582020-02-07T15:31:00.001+05:302020-04-13T09:24:58.589+05:30426. Etymology of the word Odera or Vadera <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on" wfd-id="0">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="323">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="324"><font size="4">It is possible that some simple appearing words may
have altogether alternate explanation etymologically. For example the word: “Odera”.
If we look it as a word of Kannada origin it may simply mean owner lord or
boss. <o:p wfd-id="325"></o:p></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="315">
<font size="4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="320">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;" wfd-id="321">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="318">Odera Hobli</span></b><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="316"> or Vadera Hobli near Kundapur. <o:p wfd-id="317"></o:p></span></font></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="307">
<font size="4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="312">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;" wfd-id="313">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="310">Oderabettu</span></b><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="308"> in Mulki <o:p wfd-id="309"></o:p></span></font></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;" wfd-id="306">
<font size="4"><br /></font></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="303">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="304"><font size="4">If we look it as a word of Kannada origin it may simply
mean owner lord or boss. However, there are related ancient words like: Odi and Oda. Were these words evolved into
Odera?<o:p wfd-id="305"></o:p></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="300">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="301"><font size="4"> Let us analyse
the expositions of pleonastic compound
words used in some of the place-names vogue
in the coastal districts of Udupi and Dakshina Kannada, popularly known as Tulu
Nadu.<o:p wfd-id="302"></o:p></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="298">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="299"><font size="4"><br /></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="295">
<b><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="296"><font size="4">Oda : and its variants<o:p wfd-id="297"></o:p></font></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="292">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="293"><font size="4">(I) <b>Oda<o:p wfd-id="294"></o:p></b></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="282">
<font size="4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="289">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" wfd-id="290">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="287">Oda/V</span></i><i><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="286">ā</span></i><i><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="285">da</span></i><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="283">= boat<o:p wfd-id="284"></o:p></span></font></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="274">
<font size="4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="279">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" wfd-id="280">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="277">Odera</span></i><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="275"> = evolved from <i>Oda(da)r</i>
or Oda + ar/er = A boatman. Or
fisherman.<o:p wfd-id="276"></o:p></span></font></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="266">
<font size="4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="271">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" wfd-id="272">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="269">Vadera</span></i><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="267"> =alternate form of Odera. <o:p wfd-id="268"></o:p></span></font></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="264">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="265"><font size="4"><br /></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="261">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="262"><font size="4">(II)<b> Odeya<o:p wfd-id="263"></o:p></b></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="252">
<font size="4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="258">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" wfd-id="259">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="256">Odeya=</span></i><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="255">owner, lord</span><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="253"><o:p wfd-id="254"></o:p></span></font></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="244">
<font size="4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="249">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" wfd-id="250">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="247">Odera =</span></i><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="245"> Odeya + avar/ ar. A landlord
or a nobleman or a king.<o:p wfd-id="246"></o:p></span></font></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="242">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="243"><font size="4"><br /></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="238">
<font size="4"><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="241">(III)<b> Vadda</b></span><b><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="239"><o:p wfd-id="240"></o:p></span></b></font></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="230">
<font size="4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="235">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" wfd-id="236">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="233">Vadda</span></i><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="231"> (Prakrit; Sanskrit “Vriddha”) = Elderly or senior person. Big. <o:p wfd-id="232"></o:p></span></font></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="223">
<font size="4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="227">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" wfd-id="228">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="224">Vadera= a worshippable or respectable elderly or important
person. (as in “Vaddāradhane”).<o:p wfd-id="225"></o:p></span></font></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="221">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="222"><font size="4"><br /></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="218">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="219"><font size="4">(IV)<b> Odda<o:p wfd-id="220"></o:p></b></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="211">
<font size="4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="215">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" wfd-id="216">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="212">Odda= stone cutter. Also meant an artisan? Vodda, a variant
of Odda.<o:p wfd-id="213"></o:p></span></font></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="204">
<font size="4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="208">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" wfd-id="209">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="205">Odari= artisan? Vadari an variant of Odari. <o:p wfd-id="206"></o:p></span></font></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="202">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="203"><font size="4"><br /></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="199">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="200"><font size="4">(V)<b> Oddu<o:p wfd-id="201"></o:p></b></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="192">
<font size="4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="196">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" wfd-id="197">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="193">Oddu <sup>1</sup>= a small barrage across a fluvial
course.<o:p wfd-id="194"></o:p></span></font></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="185">
<font size="4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="189">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" wfd-id="190">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="186">Oddu <sup>2</sup>= stub remaining after harvest of paddy
crop in fields. <o:p wfd-id="187"></o:p></span></font></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="183">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="184"><font size="4"><br /></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="180">
<b><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="181"><font size="4">First view<o:p wfd-id="182"></o:p></font></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="177">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="178"><font size="4">Our first impression is that Odera is derived from
Oda (= boat). So Oderabettu is a hamlet
of fisherfolk. This is evident from the
predominant population of fishermen in the area, engaged in fishing in rivers
and sea.<o:p wfd-id="179"></o:p></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="174">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="175"><font size="4">Apprehensive of our jumpy view, we feel it necessary
to give a studied and discerning exposition in the matter. What follows is our attempt to analyze the
place names referred above.<b><o:p wfd-id="176"></o:p></b></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="172">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="173"><font size="4"><br /></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="168">
<font size="4"><b><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="171">Vadera Hobli</span></b><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="169"><o:p wfd-id="170"></o:p></span></font></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="165">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="166"><font size="4">Vadera hobli is a large village, located between Kundapura
and Basrur. Basrur was a prominent port
for marine trade during historical times.
Since ports were connected to fishermen colonies it can be surmised that
Vadera hobli , was named after fisherfolk.<o:p wfd-id="167"></o:p></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="162">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="163"><font size="4">We find an alternate explanation in the following
story: There is a historical connection of Vadera Hobli and Kundeshwara Shiva
Temple to Shringeri Dharma Sansthana in Chikkamagaluru District. It is
popularly known as Shringeri Math, located at Shringeri-577139 on the banks of
River Tunga. It is about 85 km East of
Udupi and 100 km (62 miles) Northeast from Mangaluru across Western Ghats. There is an inscription of 1406 Century AD found at Vadera Hobli. Two priestly persons (Bhats) of Hangaru
donated this large area to the administration of Shringeri Math when the
Jagadguru Shri Narasimha Bharati was the Pontiff. So income from this land was
used for religious purposes. So it has
become a land of ‘Brahmadaaya’. Again
these two Brahmins regained this vast land after paying original price (Moola
Kraya). According to the Inscription,
the witness to this sale/purchase was Bettada Devaru (Lord of the Hill), i.e.
Shri Malahanikareshwara in Shringeri.
Thereafter the income from this land is used for the administration of Kundeshwara
Temple. As the land is connected to
Shringeri Shri Shri Sharda Math and Shri Shri Shri Narasimha Bharati Vodeyar
was the Pontiff then, this has come to be known as ‘Vadera Hobli’. <o:p wfd-id="164"></o:p></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="160">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="161"><font size="4"><br /></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="157">
<b><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="158"><font size="4">Oderabettu<o:p wfd-id="159"></o:p></font></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="154">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="155"><font size="4">Odera may reflect to boatmen or a feudal lord +
bettu, meaning a high land at east Bank of R. Shambhavi in Mulki. Mulki was ruled by vassals of
Alupa/Vijayanagara. They are called as
‘Savantas’. So the hamlet is now
popularly known as ‘Oderyarabettu > Oderabettu.<o:p wfd-id="156"></o:p></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="152">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="153"><font size="4"><br /></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="149">
<b><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="150"><font size="4">Odda places<o:p wfd-id="151"></o:p></font></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="142">
<font size="4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="146">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" wfd-id="147">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="143">Oddarse > Vaddarse.
It is in northen part of Udupi.<o:p wfd-id="144"></o:p></span></font></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="135">
<font size="4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="139">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" wfd-id="140">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="136">Oddathamukhi. It is a hilly area in Sulia Taluk.<o:p wfd-id="137"></o:p></span></font></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="132">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="133"><font size="4">These could be derived from the Odda (senior, respectable)
word probably suggestive of ancient Jain traditions.<o:p wfd-id="134"></o:p></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="130">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="131"><font size="4"><br /></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="127">
<b><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="128"><font size="4">Odera-Vadera : A riddle!<o:p wfd-id="129"></o:p></font></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="124">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="125"><font size="4">It is possible that originally the Oderabettu or Vaderahobli
could have been boatmens or fishermens colony, like the word “patna” (or “pattaNa”) originally used for the colony of fisherfolks . It reflects to the societal preference of
living in groups. Fisherfolk living
together as a community is an age old practice.
The Koragas, the original tribal inhabitants living in Tulu Nadu, refer
to fishermen as ‘<i>pattanadakulu</i>’ or the people from the “<i>patna</i>” (=colony; town). <o:p wfd-id="126"></o:p></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="121">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="122"><font size="4">The place names Oderahobli and Oderbettu are of recent
coinage some time in 14<sup>th</sup>/15<sup>th</sup> Century AD. It reflects the influence of Kannada. Thus there is a possibility that the words
were slightly modified with change in meaning, after the Tulu Nadu came under the
rule of Kannada Kings. It is a common
factor that old place names transform into the hue of language of the
conqueror. ‘<i>Kannadikarana</i>’ (=Kannadaization)
and Sanskritisation have played an important role in shaping and altering the place names (as highlighted in one of our earlier Posts). Human memory is
short. It remembers only the very recent
events and never bothers to know what happened in time-sand of history.<o:p wfd-id="123"></o:p></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="119">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="120"><font size="4"><br /></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="116">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="117"><font size="4">Oderabettu is a high place where the fishermen
inhabited since long ago. They engaged
in fishing in ponds/lakes, streams and rivers prior to venturing to sea for
fishing. We know about the changing
courses of rivers and ingress and regress of sea near the coastline. This phenomenon is highlighted in our various
Posts (on Mulki, Kaipunjal to Udyavara, Udyavara, Malpe – Magic of Malpe,
Kordel, Kolalagiri, Telaru>Chelairu– Community Fishing, etc).<o:p wfd-id="118"></o:p></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="113">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="114"><font size="4">It may not be a remote chance to say that the
riverine place Oderabettu or Vaderahobli is coined to mean a ‘colony of
boatmen’. Oderabettu in Mulki is
abutting Shambhavi River and is predominantly inhabited by fishermen even
today, besides other places Ulya aka Chitrapu, Mulki-Hejamadi Kodi, Hejamadi
Kodi located in sand barriers, Kadike or Sasihitlu (also a sand barrier spit formed
between River Nandini ( Pavanje River) and sea.
Nandini and Shambhavi pair together and form a single estuary. Mulky was a leading port for marine trade of
yore. Sailing boats of merchants sailed
up to Olalanke (Old Mulaka > Mulki town) near Karnadu (famous for
Venkataramana Temple of Gouda Saraswats.<o:p wfd-id="115"></o:p></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="111">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="112"><font size="4"><br /></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="108">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="109"><font size="4">There is one more pattern of naming places. It is the interplay of the thing/matter/place
and sense of belonging. We give some
examples below:<o:p wfd-id="110"></o:p></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="102">
<font size="4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="105">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" wfd-id="106"> </span></span><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="103">Pandya/Pandyan: Pandi = boat. Pandya or Pandyan is one who belongs to or
owns a pandi..<o:p wfd-id="104"></o:p></span></font></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="96">
<font size="4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="99">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" wfd-id="100"> </span></span><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="97">Kharvi: Khar =
Sea coast. One belongs to Khar is
Kharvi, a fisherman as called in some places of Kundapur up to Karvar(a). <o:p wfd-id="98"></o:p></span></font></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="89">
<font size="4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="93">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" wfd-id="94">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="90">Kadya(n) (Kad + ya):
Kad = forest. One who is from
forest area is called Kadyan.<o:p wfd-id="91"></o:p></span></font></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="83">
<font size="4"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="86">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" wfd-id="87"> </span></span><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="84">Poleya (Pola+ya): Pola = agricultural field. One who works on or belongs to this field is
Poleya. It is possible that traditionally “poleya” were agricultural
laborers.<o:p wfd-id="85"></o:p></span></font></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;" wfd-id="81">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="82"><font size="4"><br /></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify;" wfd-id="78">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="79"><font size="4">This pattern is logical
and is the original intention in coining place names Vaderahobli and
Oderabettu. It goes well with the
convention that the places were named invariably by outsiders. Even Dr. P.
Gururaja Bhat has raised a point in the passing in his book ‘History of Tulu
Nadu’ instigating us to study the place name “Oderabettu”.<o:p wfd-id="80"></o:p></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify;" wfd-id="76">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="77"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="72">
<font face="georgia" size="4"><i><b><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="75">Notes on this post</span></b><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="73"><o:p wfd-id="74"></o:p></span></i></font></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="66">
<span style="font-size: x-small;" wfd-id="67"><font face="georgia" size="4"><i><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="71">1.<b> Pleonasm </b></span><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="70">means use of more
words than what are necessary.</span><b><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="68"><o:p wfd-id="69"></o:p></span></b></i></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="63">
<span style="font-size: x-small;" wfd-id="64"><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="65"><font face="georgia" size="4"><i><br /></i></font></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="59">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="60"><span style="font-size: x-small;" wfd-id="61"><font face="georgia" size="4"><i>2. A group of villages as an administrative unit are
traditionally called <b>hobali </b>or<b>
hobli </b>(equivalents<b>: nād </b>or <b>nādu </b>or<b> māgane) </b>in
southern India. A Taluk usually consist of a few hobalis. A hobali in turn is divided into a few <b>firka</b> or <b>phāt magane</b>. During Alupa
and Vijaya Nagar period of coastal area was divided as Barkur and Mangaluru Hobalis.<o:p wfd-id="62"></o:p></i></font></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="44">
<span style="font-size: x-small;" wfd-id="45"><font face="georgia" size="4"><i><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="58">It was a common custom to call out guests as from
these Hobalies during Tulu traditional marriage ceremonies while placing plates
(in Tulu tongue called as ‘Kanchi’) in front of groom and bride for collecting
gifts in cash or kind. The Gurikara of the village addresses the assembled
guests as from Barkur and Manguluru hobalies and seeks their permission as “</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="57">ಕಂಚಿ</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="56"> </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="55">ದೀಪೆರು</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="54"> </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="53">ಪಣ್ಪೆರೋ</span><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="52">” (kanchi deeperu panpero) and the assemblage says,
OK (</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="51">ಎಡ್ಡೆ</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="50"> </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: tunga; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="49">ಪಣ್ಪೆರೊ</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="48">).</span><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="46"> Kundapura and villages around is called Bhagwadi Hobali,
where Mahishamardini Temple is famous.<o:p wfd-id="47"></o:p></span></i></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="41">
<span style="font-size: x-small;" wfd-id="42"><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="43"><font face="georgia" size="4"><i><br /></i></font></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="38">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="39"><span style="font-size: x-small;" wfd-id="40"><font face="georgia" size="4"><i>3. ‘Vaddāradhane’,
composed by Shivakoti-ācharya is the earliest available text in Kannada. It describes stories of the elderly people,
practicing Jainism. Jainism was a predominant
religion during pre-Christian Era in Karnataka including coastal Karnataka in
medieval days. </i></font></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="34">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="35"><span style="font-size: x-small;" wfd-id="36"><font face="georgia" size="4"><i> <o:p wfd-id="37"></o:p></i></font></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="30">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="31"><span style="font-size: x-small;" wfd-id="32"><font face="georgia" size="4"><i>4. Potters community of Tulu Nadu is called as
Odari/Vadari, besides other traditional names such as Moolya, Kumbāra (“Kumbhakāra”
in Sanskrit), Kusave, meaning one who works with mud (potters clay) and water. Kulāla is a Sanskritised word
and as such, a potters disc is called “Kulāla Chakra”. They have baris
(surnames – descent markers such as Kundar, S uvarna, etc. as is common
to other communities of Tulu Nadu. They
speak Tulu, though they are believed to have immigrated to Tulu Nadu from Tulugu
speaking areas. It is not clear whether the word has any connection with the
tribe “Odda” or “Vodda”.<o:p wfd-id="33"></o:p></i></font></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="27">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="28"><span style="font-size: x-small;" wfd-id="29"><font face="georgia" size="4"><i><br /></i></font></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="23">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="24"><span style="font-size: x-small;" wfd-id="25"><font face="georgia" size="4"><i>5. The Oddas
or Voddas > Odari/Vadari, are a tribe of Telugu speaking people. They are working in quarries and as such,
stone-cutters or splitters, compared to Kallu kuttiga of Tulu Nadu. Naturally, they become shilpakaras
(architects or artists in rock stones and writers of inscriptions). They are now spread all over South India,
including Maharashtra. They are now
mainly engaged by builders of building constructions. <o:p wfd-id="26"></o:p></i></font></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="19">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="20"><span style="font-size: x-small;" wfd-id="21"><font face="georgia" size="4"><i>Refer our Posts:
124/07.07.2008 (Dissecting strange words II) and <o:p wfd-id="22"></o:p></i></font></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="15">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="16"><span style="font-size: x-small;" wfd-id="17"><font face="georgia" size="4"><i>398/22.01.2018
(Trail of Potter’s Wheel in Tulu Nadu). <o:p wfd-id="18"></o:p></i></font></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="14">
<font face="georgia" size="4"><i><br /></i></font></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="9">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="10"><font face="georgia" size="4"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;" wfd-id="13">6. Writer Vishwanath’s sister-in-law
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null"></a>is from Oderabettu.
He reminiscences school days in 1950’s. He used to visit his niece’s
in-laws place at Mulki-Hejamadi Kodi by crossing river at Bappanadu ferry point
or Oderabettu ferry point. Once he went to Oderabettu for Bappanadu Aayana with
his eldest brother on foot along sea coast up to Nandini ferry point at Kadike
Kodi and reached the east bank of Nandini by ferry boat. Return journey by road was very tedious and
time consuming. Bus route from Kulur to Pavanje terminates at Nandini Ferry
Point, east of present Pāvanje river bridge.
Pavanje-Mulki route terminates at Old Mulki ferry point. Kulur old bridge was under construction during
1950-51. Then the passengers used to embark their next bus by crossing rivers
by ferry boats. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;" wfd-id="11"><o:p wfd-id="12"></o:p></span></i></font></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="6">
<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="7"><span style="font-size: x-small;" wfd-id="8"><br /></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;" wfd-id="1">
<b><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="5">-Vishwanath: </span></b><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="4">with Ravindra<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" wfd-id="2"><o:p wfd-id="3"></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-22041182249776196182019-12-17T08:16:00.002+05:302019-12-22T09:15:37.884+05:30425. Etymology of Tulu word: Buḍedi (wife)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="text-align: justify;">A
very common word to designate wife in Tulu language is </span><i style="text-align: justify;">bu</i><i style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>edi</i><span style="text-align: justify;">. Even though in Tulu
it is a quite a commonplace word, strangely enough, you do not find
corresponding words in other sister Dravidian languages. The available clues to
the etymology and possible origin of this Tulu word, deserves a pertinent
discussion.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Simple etymology: housewife<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
etymology of the word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bu</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>edi, </i>can be simply be explained as:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">b</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ūḍ</span>u+di, </i>where<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> b</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ūḍ</span>u </i>means house and the
suffix <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">di </i>refers to woman. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Thus
the word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bu</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>edi
</i>refers to the woman in charge of the house. Because of the existence of
numerous homonyms (and consequent puns) in Tulu, some of you may get a penchant
for alternate, somewhat humorous or cynical explanations for the word, but I
prefer this simple and straightforward etymology, especially because
traditionally the status of a wife has been treated with absolute respect in
our culture. Tulu Lexicon is silent on the etymology of this word,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> bu</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>edi.</i><br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Analogous word/s in other sister
Dravidian languages<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
On
second thoughts, you may find words in Kannada and other languages with similar
shades of meanings. For example: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>adi</i> (Kannada), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>andai</i>
(Tamil),<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> ma</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>anti</i>
(Telugu),<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> ma</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>anda</i>
(Malayalam), as has been pointed out by Prof G. Venkatasubbaiah in his “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Igo Kannada</i>” (2016, combined volume,
p.519).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>adi
</i>and a related group of Dravidian words appear to have a different etymology
than the Tulu word ,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> bu</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>edi.</i></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YRx-Cm3Thj8/XfhBNxPY06I/AAAAAAAAPOI/w9poZi-rLNUL9mCmfAr64j_u48S8fatKwCNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/DSC_0115_1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YRx-Cm3Thj8/XfhBNxPY06I/AAAAAAAAPOI/w9poZi-rLNUL9mCmfAr64j_u48S8fatKwCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/DSC_0115_1.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nepali influence in Tulu shrine architecture. (Location Hiriadka, Udupi)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nepali influence on
Tulu/Kannada<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It is interesting to note that Nepali language has a word
for wife akin to the Tulu word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bu</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>edi.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bu</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>i (Nepali) </i>=wife, woman (compare <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bu</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>edi</i>
,wife, in Tulu).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In fact,
many Nepalis are not aware of the origin and etymology of the word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bu</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>i.
</i>Some of them<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>consider<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>it<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>as Hindi word<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> bu</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>i </i>which means a senior or
aged woman. In Nepali, husband and wife as well as<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>lovers are referred to as<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> bu</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>a </i>and<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> bu</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>i.</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus the exact origin of the Nepali word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bu</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>i </i>is
difficult to decipher at present and until further studies on this. However,
for the present we can consider that the Nepali word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bu</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>i </i>travelled to Tulunadu
along with migrants and established itself here in the form of<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> bu</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>edi,
</i>wherein the suffix -<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">di</i> reflects a
Dravidian feminine gender<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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According
to historical interpretations Kadamba rulers around 5<sup>th</sup> - 6<sup>th</sup>
century CE, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>brought Brahmins from
Ahichatra to conduct religious rites in temples of Kadamba region. Along with
the Brahmins Neyers accompanied them as assistants and they migrated and
settled in parts of Tulunadu and Kerala.</div>
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It
can be seen that Nepali style of temple architecture has deeply influenced the
Tulu - Kerala style of architecture used in construction of shrines and
temples. Similarly, it has been suggested that coastal style of house
construction involving pyramidal roofs has also been considered as an influence
from the Nepali and Tibet architecture.<br />
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<b>Ancient words</b><br />
On overall analysis, the words like <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bu</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>i</i> (Nepali) and <i style="text-align: left;">bu</i><i style="text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>edi</i><span style="text-align: left;"> (Tulu) appear to be ancient words that have obscure etymologies. There is apparently a related word in Bengali, known as </span><i style="text-align: left;">bou</i><i style="text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ḍ</span>i. </i><span style="text-align: left;">However, this word in Bengali is used now as an equivalent of Hindi <i>bhabhi</i> or the sister in law.</span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;">Apparently some of these ancient words during the course of historical time have evolved independently as per the requirement of the language adopted.</span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span>
<span style="text-align: left;">Readers having more insights into such words may kindly share your thoughts with us.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "commercialscript bt";">R</span></div>
Reference:<br />
On Tulu word KanDani: <a href="https://tulu-research.blogspot.com/2017/02/379-tulu-tamil-mutual-influence-kandani.html">https://tulu-research.blogspot.com/2017/02/379-tulu-tamil-mutual-influence-kandani.html</a></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-67814190541128386272019-11-06T08:51:00.001+05:302019-11-06T13:30:38.011+05:30424. A shortest village-name in India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In the early
posts in this blog we discussed some of the strange sounding words-especially
village names- still surviving in Tulu language. Upon perspective analyses
eventually we were able to decipher that most of such odd sounding place names
are derivatives of non-Dravidian languages and can be traced back to
Austro-Asiatic <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Munda and Prakrit
languages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
existence of ancient words of non- Dravida origin in Tulu language implies the
nature of complex heritage inherited during the ancient periods in the West
coastal regions, later on during the history described as Tulunadu. In other
words, the heritage of Tulunadu has enriched by contributions from Prakrit <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Munda cultures during the early history.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A shortest place name<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The study of
village names has many quite interesting facets as we have explored in some of
our previous blog posts. Interesting to note is the fact that some of these place
names are very short words. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Which is the
shortest place name in <b>India</b>, any idea?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A perusal
into the list of villages compiled for the Census of India 2011 reveals that
the shortest village name in India is: Au.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There are at
least two villages in India that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">still</i>
carry the name of Au as a place name. (I have used the word “still” in the
previous sentence under the conviction that most of the original place names
have undergone changes with time due to different reasons.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(1)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Au, Attara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Taluk ,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Banda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>district, Uttar Pradesh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(2) Au, Deeg
Taluk , Bharatpur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>district, Rajasthan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Meaning of the place name: Au<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One of the
interesting point is that Au is a compounded vowel made up of combination of two
simple vowels: ‘a<s>h</s> ‘and ‘u<s>h</s>’. That is: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a<s>h</s></i>+<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">u<s>h</s></i>=<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">au.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is
possible that the shortest<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>word for
place <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Au</b> is from the ancient Prakrit
language or any of its precursor languages of India. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the absence of adequate linguistic data for
those obscure and forgotten days of antiquity, we are unable to trace the
origin and whereabouts of the antique word: Au. However, the word<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘Au’ does exists currently in Sanskrit,
where it has several meanings, among which the one applicable to place names is:
the land or the earth (feminine gender). Other meanings attributed to the word
Au in Sanskrit are: Vishnu, Adishesha or sound (masculine gender), may be
regarded as later homonyms that appear unsuitable as a place name at this
juncture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Significance of the shortest place name<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is
possible that place names evolved from simplest to more complex ones with the
passage of time along the historical timeline. Early human beings apparently
used very simple sounds to represent objects, places, and other items that
required naming. It is possible that simple place names like Au were abundant
during early part of the history and later on more complex words were formed
and used.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">** </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>Do you have additional information on any of the short village names? You are welcome to share your knowledge with us in this blog.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "commercialscript bt"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">R</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-10273996985576380772019-11-02T09:21:00.002+05:302019-11-02T09:21:20.296+05:30423.Jog Falls - philosophical viewpoints<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RJwok5mJa_w/Xbz6LntyGZI/AAAAAAAAPJU/DU-OJZJeTgsgskpgEYMpZWJpzN1CBuWIACNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/IMG_20191015_070601.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RJwok5mJa_w/Xbz6LntyGZI/AAAAAAAAPJU/DU-OJZJeTgsgskpgEYMpZWJpzN1CBuWIACNcBGAsYHQ/s320/IMG_20191015_070601.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jog falls-Rocket and Rani. Viewpoint 1 from Inspection Bungalow Jog.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-suguxDGAfrY/Xbz6QqFaooI/AAAAAAAAPJY/6x0Jty4tlaoZjQxdXkEGCw8sDI8M4wTUQCNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/IMG_20191015_070945.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-suguxDGAfrY/Xbz6QqFaooI/AAAAAAAAPJY/6x0Jty4tlaoZjQxdXkEGCw8sDI8M4wTUQCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/IMG_20191015_070945.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Distant view of Jog falls- Roarer, Rocket and Rani. Viewed from Inspection Bungalow.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GWYsfCZ3Fik/Xbz6iy3miVI/AAAAAAAAPJk/nQ5x_rikGE85D38OKpKCH__CLKOhxsd7QCNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/IMG_20191015_073636.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GWYsfCZ3Fik/Xbz6iy3miVI/AAAAAAAAPJk/nQ5x_rikGE85D38OKpKCH__CLKOhxsd7QCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/IMG_20191015_073636.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jog Falls. Viewpoint 2 from Jog Management Authority gallery. Rapids of Raja, Roarer, Rocket and Rani (from left to right)</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fMuNtOAUYcI/Xbz6nV0NhEI/AAAAAAAAPJo/6Li14TfLcXU2NXic5Zur_V0HAFS9Zz9ZgCNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/IMG_20191015_072309.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fMuNtOAUYcI/Xbz6nV0NhEI/AAAAAAAAPJo/6Li14TfLcXU2NXic5Zur_V0HAFS9Zz9ZgCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/IMG_20191015_072309.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jog Falls. Roarer falls. Parking area of Circuit house Jog.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-e1LRNCKvve0/Xbz6tvbiekI/AAAAAAAAPJs/IOWXb_7VxlARWdrIFdiRU6tit8bTS-cTQCNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/IMG_20191015_072305.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-e1LRNCKvve0/Xbz6tvbiekI/AAAAAAAAPJs/IOWXb_7VxlARWdrIFdiRU6tit8bTS-cTQCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/IMG_20191015_072305.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Jog Falls. Roarer falls.Jog gorge / valley Parking area of Circuit house Jog.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SgVZeQFaJH8/Xbz62E19tvI/AAAAAAAAPJ0/uK79hEYLd7QNkJHq2l_Jk8uVUeA1AZaegCNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Jog%2Bvwp2a%2Bwf2_20191015_074547.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SgVZeQFaJH8/Xbz62E19tvI/AAAAAAAAPJ0/uK79hEYLd7QNkJHq2l_Jk8uVUeA1AZaegCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/Jog%2Bvwp2a%2Bwf2_20191015_074547.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Another unnamed waterfall, north of Viewpoint 2, Jog Management Authority gallery</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2ESQr0Ibdc8/Xbz69QEG5iI/AAAAAAAAPJ8/PVBKBYSWYMI_MtLuKxahbpHHppNmkJ7jACNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Jogfalls%2BRv4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="779" data-original-width="1600" height="155" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2ESQr0Ibdc8/Xbz69QEG5iI/AAAAAAAAPJ8/PVBKBYSWYMI_MtLuKxahbpHHppNmkJ7jACNcBGAsYHQ/s320/Jogfalls%2BRv4.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map and legend for an overview of Sharavati , location of Jog gorge and the Viewpoint locations.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Life is like that. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Normally we interpret and
understand any specific act or event or aspect based on our innate stock perceptions.
Our minds generally refuse to understand the alternate explanations to the
issue unless you are completely unbiased and sympathetic to the issue.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Not convinced?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Take the case of different
viewpoints of the Jog falls, for example.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The
Jog Falls offers different appearances as we observe from different viewpoints.
In a philosophical way it is teaching us that any property or object can be
viewed and interpreted in different ways depending upon on your circumstances
and surroundings!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-66313173430531283682019-10-11T09:07:00.000+05:302019-10-16T09:07:45.338+05:30422. Source of words ending with ‘o’ in Tulu<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Some of my
friends who write in Tulu language these days are getting fastidious about the
purity of the expressed Tulu language. They make extraordinary efforts to
filter out usage of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>words derived from other languages like Sanskrit in
Tulu. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These efforts appear ludicrous to
people like me since there are no language that can claim itself as pure. All
languages in the world have grown and evolved after absorbing words and features
from other contemporaneous languages and cultures that came into their sphere
of influence. And Tulu is not an exception to this rule.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Tulu
language has been classified as South Central Dravidian by linguists.. The
reason for differentiation from other proximal and coexisting southern Dravidian languages
(like Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam etc) is that Tulu has absorbed a good share
of antique words derived from the ancient languages of India like Prakrit and
Austro-Asiatic Munda during the course of its evolution. Even though such features of assimilation has been evident in other coexisting languages also, the effect of homogenization within the languages has masked the evidences.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulu words ending with vowel o<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulu has
abundant words that end with the vowel o (pronounced ‘oh’) as in the example “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pātero</i>” which means a spoken language or
a dialect. In some parts of the Tulunadu (ie traditional Tulu speaking areas),
like around Udupi and Karkal, the alternate form of the same word “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pātera</i>” has also survived.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It appears that adding o at the end has been
a standard practice for many Tuluvas knowingly or unknowingly. For example, a
standard word like <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bhārata</i> (ie India)
is usually modified as “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bārato”</i> in
some of the Tulu circles, imparting <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the cultivated impression that adding o at the
end is mandatory in Tulu .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In other
Dravidian languages in the vicinity like, Kannada or Tamil or Malayalam this
practice of adding o at the end of words apparently does not exists. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Then when
and where from the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tulu language acquired this specific feature?.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prakrit based languages<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Prakrit
and the Prakrit derived languages have ample words ending with o. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Emperor Ashoka’s edict dated ca.250 BC was in
Prakrit/Pāli which was the administrative language in larger part of India. During
the history, accordingly, the Tulu and Kannada speaking areas were under the
influence of Prakrit (or ruled by kings wherein the common administrative
language of the day was variants of Prakrit/Pāli (probably along with Austro-Asiatic
Munda languages) up to around third or fourth century CE. In order to compare
and to trace the source of words ending with 0 in Tulu we can compare a few
random words current in Prakrit derived languages of the Northern India like
Hindi and Bengali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hindi words ending with o.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Random word samples
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from Hindi, for example, like: “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aao, naacho, gaavo</i>” would clarify the nature
of Prakrit derived Hindi words associated with vowel o at the end.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Aavo= </span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">come<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Naacho= </span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dance<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Gaavo= </span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">sing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bengali words with o<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In Bengali
we can find the presence of added o not only at the end of words but also
within words. Check the following Bengali word samples.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(a)Samples of Bengali words ending with o:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pujo</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(puja =worship)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Borno</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (varna=color/alphabet)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Samajo</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (samaja=society)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Also personal names like <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Supriyo, Arko</i> etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(b) Samples of Bengali words with internal o:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Porichoy </span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(parichay= acquaintance)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bonomali</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (Vanamali=gardener)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Shomay</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (samay=time)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jol</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (jal=water)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Roy</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (Rai=king)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mondal</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (mandal=division)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"><i>Chakraborty</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (Chakravarthy=emperor/ a
surname)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Danonjoy</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (Dhananjay; a personal name)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Unlike
in Bengali, in Tulu language the words have an added vowel of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>o only
at their ends.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Prakrit influence on Tulu<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
the overall analysis, we may conclude that the special feature of the Tulu words
ending with a vowel of o has been acquired during contact with speakers of
Prakrit languages. We can make further detailed analysis when direct
resources from the Prakrit languages were available.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "commercialscript bt"; font-size: 18.0pt;">R</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-73136882997178856712019-09-20T09:49:00.000+05:302019-09-25T07:49:52.687+05:30421. Alake: Ancient capital of the Alupa rulers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The story of
Alake (variants: “Alaka”, “Aluka” or “Alikeh”) is a forgotten page in the
history of Alupas, the ancient rulers of the legendary Tulunadu. As there are
no reported specific stone inscriptions celebrating this place Alake, so far it
has been inadvertently escaped the attention of our historians. We shall make
an endeavor in this post to reconstruct the forgotten page in the history by
piecing together the available data culled together from legends, place names,
history, geography and geology. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Strangely
enough, there are <u>two</u> places existing by the name of “Alake” in
Mangaluru. Out of these, one located near Bikarnakatte, a quiet, suburban
residential area, is largely unknown to many of the citizens!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">There is an interesting
piece of history hidden behind these twin place names of <b>Alake</b> in Mangaluru. Let us explore! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">** **<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> There are many questions that may generally haunt
the minds of aficionados of history of Tulunadu or the coastal Karnataka. For
example:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Which was
the oldest part of Mangaluru city? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Or where was
the core area of the ancient times around which the modern city grew up later?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> - Hampankatte ? Mangaladevi ?
Kadri ? Kudupu? Kudroli? ... or … ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mangaluru,
the capital of the <span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">historical</span> Tulunadu, was blessed with a bevy of
historians such as: Aigal Ganapathi Rao,
Bhaskar Rao Salatore, Manjeshwara Govinda Pai, Dr.K.V. Ramesh, Dr.
Padur Gururaj Bhat and many others, who enriched our perspectives on the
history and heritage. Because of these star historians, we presently understand
that kings of Alupa dynasty ruled over the ancient Tulunadu for over 1000 years
with Mangaluru as their base and capital. Some enterprising ambient power
centers of youngsters from the Alupa family travelled North and Northeast
towards Banavasi, Badami, Udyavara, Kolalgiri, Barkuru, Basruru etc in search
of greener pastures but their base remained as such probably till the advent of
European invaders and their native contemporaries. That is a broad outline of
the prolonged ancient history of Tulunadu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mangaluru
has grown in various directions in the last two thousand or more years. And due
to heavy rains year after year and the vagaries of weathering on the environment,
most of the ancient features of historical significance have been destroyed or
lost. Some of the historical evidences are yet to be unraveled. In this context, several basic questions that
pop up in the minds of people curious regarding the ancient history and
heritage of this land have remained to be answered, like, for
example:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Which was
the earliest known capital of Alupa rulers in Mangaluru that formed the ancient
coastal center of business, marine trade, culture and civilization?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Where
exactly in Mangaluru the Alupas’ had their original capital or the royal headquarters?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Was Mangaluru
ever under sea? Which were the parts under the sea? Or is it true that Arabian
Sea has receded back leaving additional land surfaces as described in our
legends?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Was our
land, rivers and the sea have remained as such throughout the history or have
undergone drastic changes over the bygone time? Whether rivers of Mangaluru,
such as Netr</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">vati and
Phalguni (Gurupur), have stayed fixed in their original positions or have
drifted and changed substantially during the course of history?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">We shall discuss some of these
issues in detail with available evidences. However, in case you are in a hurry,
please jump to the end of the post to read
the Summary and Conclusions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">** **<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">General Tools
of historians<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Historians, normally depend upon
tangible data and resources from inscriptions, written or published documents,
archeological findings, and so on for reconstruction of past events. Wherever
these types of data are not preserved one has to rely on existing folklores,
legends and myths prevailing in the region.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In the case of Alupa rulers of
Mangaluru, where the history extends back to a huge period of two millennia, or
more years, the available inscriptional data sources are meager especially for
the early period of ca. 300 BCE to 500 CE.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Additional tools for history<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Incidentally, in this blog you might have
noticed that we have added two more alternate lines of evidences for the
validation and substantiation of the reconstructed historical data. The
additional tools are (a) the analysis of pertinent place names and (b) the application
of deduced geological data.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Geological events<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The coastal region and the Sahy</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">dri Western Ghats are perceived
as geologically fragile zones on account of their sensitive tectonic situation.(Ravindra
& Reddy, 2010)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Two major geological events during last two to
three millennia that are pertinent to the understanding of Alupa history are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Regressive migration of the
Karavali coastline in tune with the regression of the Arabia Sea.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Lateral migration of Rivers
Netravati and Gurupur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Reconstructed tidbits of history<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Before we discuss the significance and antiquity of the place Alake, let
us retrospect and review some of the
keystones in the early history and evolution of Alupa kings in
Mangaluru.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Alupa and
Alupe</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Alupa
rulers evidently began their royal career from <b>Alape</b> (<span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ಅಳಪೆ; </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">some call it:
“Alupe” </span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ಅಳುಪೆ</span>)
village, located in the eastern part of Mangaluru city. They were marine
traders who occasionally had fierce disputes with foreign traders, as some of
the Greek historians have accused them as pirates. There are strong evidences
to propose that the Alupe (or Alape) town was the first headquarters of the
ancient Alupa kings who are credited with the record of ruling Tulunadu for
over thousand years. The place Alape is about 4 km east of Hampanakatte in
central Mangaluru on the Mangaluru - Bengaluru road. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Incidentally,
the place name Alape was a popular name in ancient times, as we can find a
similar sounding place name namely, Alleppey in neighboring Kerala also.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Early
historians of Tulunadu have adequately debated on the origin of the dynastic
name of the Alupa rulers, mostly attempting to unravel possible derivation of
the word Alupa from known Sanskrit roots. However, one of the forefront
historical researchers, Manjeshwar Govinda Pai, in his published research
works, apart from various other possible etymological deductions, also had fleetingly
conjectured, especially in a footnote to one his papers in Kannada entitled:<i>“Tulun</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">du poorva-smruti”</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, the possibility of these rulers hailing
from the town of <b>Alupe</b> in the
outskirt of Mangaluru. (Govinda Pai, 1947; <i>reprinted
in</i>: Govinda Pai,1995, p.587). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Previous posts in this blog have consistently
proposed the Alupe region as the original center of Alupa dynasty, based on
independent studies and composite evidences garnered form geological,
geographic/ topographic and the toponymic data. We shall review here the available evidences
and inferences in this regard. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Basically, it
is a common practice in this land to identify or describe persons by the name
of the place he/she hails from. Thus, the proposal of the connection between
the place-name Alupe and Alupa rulers is simple and straightforward and can be
corroborated further with other supplementary evidences as follows:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Geography
of Alupe <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Alupe
and adjacent Maroli villages, in the eastern part of present Mangaluru city,
together consist of an unusually large and deep, more or less elliptical shaped
valley of topographic depression, located between Bikarnakatte and Kulshekhar in
the North and Kankanadi, Alape, Bajal and Padil in the South (see, Map 1:
Paleo-geography of ancient Mangaluru, ca.500 BCE). The deep valley can be
intermittently traced East-West on either side along identifiable paleo fluvial
valley courses. The intermittent nature of the paleo fluvial valley courses
owes to the tectonic earth movements that have affected the region.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-V4nvSKTYzn0/XYRR9jWBVKI/AAAAAAAAPBU/H5OaqQuj8p8rzlC-AY-3O6tG7dJUmtZPwCNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Aluka1%2BRevised%2B500%2BBC%2BRv.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="858" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-V4nvSKTYzn0/XYRR9jWBVKI/AAAAAAAAPBU/H5OaqQuj8p8rzlC-AY-3O6tG7dJUmtZPwCNcBGAsYHQ/s400/Aluka1%2BRevised%2B500%2BBC%2BRv.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1. Paleo geography of mangaluru around 500 BCE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Such an
unusual topographic valley, as a geological structure, could have been formed
at the mouth of a river, where the river meets the sea. In other words, the
deep valley could have been an ancient estuary known as “<i>aliveh”(ಅಳಿವೆ</i> ) in Tulu, Kannada, Tamil and other Dr</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">vida languages.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Ancient course of River Netr</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">vati<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Geologically,
the deep large, circular valley preserved within the limits of Maroli and Alupe
villages can be interpreted as an old site of abandoned site of paleo (ancient)
estuary site. An estuary can be described as a widened and deepened mouth of
the river where it joins the sea. Such a
natural deep, wide valley structure of Maroli - Alape could have been formed by
a large river at the contact of an ancient coastline and the Sea.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZYE9puaHwGs/XYRSTPSx5JI/AAAAAAAAPBc/z6huOtKJTrkZetsHPPmfNO0Jc-3ud7_iACNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Alupa2%2Brevised%2B500%2BCE%2BRv.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="846" data-original-width="1600" height="211" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZYE9puaHwGs/XYRSTPSx5JI/AAAAAAAAPBc/z6huOtKJTrkZetsHPPmfNO0Jc-3ud7_iACNcBGAsYHQ/s400/Alupa2%2Brevised%2B500%2BCE%2BRv.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">2. Paleo geography of Mangaluru around 500 CE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The deep
valley of Maroli-Alape can be traced on either side, East-West, along abandoned
valley courses that can be identified as paleo
(ancient) fluvial courses. There are many such ancient river valleys in the
Mangaluru region and these suggest that the rivers of Mangaluru have drifted
their flowing positions along the course of past history.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> In this setting, we can deduce that the river
that was flowing in the ancient river valley of Maroli -Alape, which was the
ancient course of River Netr</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">vati. The
old now abandoned fluvial courses of the river Netr</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">vati can be traced on the Western
and Eastern extending sides of the Maroli – Alupe circular valley. However, the
reconstruction of the ancient course of the river is not as simple as explained
here, because a large amount of complex tectonic earth movements, involving
vertical as well as lateral movement of blocks have complicated the paleo river
course. These need extensive field surveys, geological mapping and structural
interpretations which are yet to be completed. Some of the early versions of
the basic data have been published in a geological research paper by Ravindra
& Reddy (2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Thus there
are topographic evidences of continuous historical changes in the fluvial
course of rivers of the Mangaluru. The position of rivers of Mangaluru shown in
the maps produced here may be taken as schematic, until more detailed and
refined field studies and analyses are completed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It is well
known that ancient civilizations world over have survived and evolved besides
rivers and estuaries, as potable water source is a major requirement of living
beings. We can deuce that the ancient Alupa civilization evolved by the side of
ancient fluvial course of River Netravati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Further,
later in the history, the River Netr</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">vati drifted
and has shifted its flowing course South. The field data suggest that the river
channel has been migrated South by about one kilometer, to its current flowing
position. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">To sum up,
the River Netr</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">vati, during
the history has changed its fluvial course, drifted and shifted southward gradually
leaving the ancient fluvial course and ancient estuary in the form of a dried
up circular deep valley as a testimony.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Rivers
Netravati and Gurupur during the course of the history drifted and migrated in
opposite directions: River Netravati drifted South, whereas River Gurupur
drifted Northwards.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-w95N5oVLvQ4/XYRSotlh1qI/AAAAAAAAPBk/dtWsrbgRPiwmNJNbI-__4PegWWtIm5wdgCNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Alupa%2Bpresent%2Bscenario%2B2019%2BRv.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="876" data-original-width="1600" height="218" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-w95N5oVLvQ4/XYRSotlh1qI/AAAAAAAAPBk/dtWsrbgRPiwmNJNbI-__4PegWWtIm5wdgCNcBGAsYHQ/s400/Alupa%2Bpresent%2Bscenario%2B2019%2BRv.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Present geography of Mangaluru, especially the position of rivers and the sea.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <b>Alupe: Village beside a river</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Incidentally, etymology of the word “Alape”
(Ala+pe) or “Alupe” (Alu+pe) in the ancient languages of the land means a
habitation or village (“pe” or “pu”=habitation) by the side of a water body: a
river (“ala “ or “alu”=water). Matching the place name data with geography of
the area suggests that the oval valley of Alupe-Maroli was the place of ancient
estuary and port of Alape, before and
during the early centuries of the Common Era. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The field
evidences corroborate with the historical data that the Alupa were seafarers
who thrived on the marine trade of food grains, spices and timber.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5. Aluva: the estuarine land<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">An alternate
name employed for Alupa rulers in historical documents and inscriptions is <b>Alu</b><b>va</b>.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">(</span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">ಅಳುವ)</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"> The word “</span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">Aluva</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">” (or “</span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">Alivey</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">”- </span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">ಅಳಿವೆ</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">)
means an estuary in Tulu and Kannada even now also. The word </span><b style="font-family: cambria, serif;"><i>Aluve</i></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">
(</span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">Alu</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">+</span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">ve</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">) etymologically means a watery place [Ala or Alu (= water) + suffix:
‘</span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">va</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">’ or ‘</span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">ve</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">’ (= place)]. The word corroborates the evidence that the
circular deep valley of Maroli - Alupe was an estuary in the past history. The estuary
of Aluva-kheda was apparently used as a port for anchoring boats in those
times.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In this
context, we can note that in a Sanskrit work “<i>Prapancha Hridaya</i>”, dating back to about 7 century CE, the “Aluva”
has been recorded as one of seven coastal (“<i>Sapta-konkana</i>”)
regions of the time.(Govinda Pai, 1927, 1949). Incidentally, the seven <i>konkana</i> (coastal) states described in “<i>Prapancha Hridaya</i>”, are:
<i>Koopaka, Kerala, Mooshika, <b>Aluva</b>, Pashu, Konkana and Parakonkana</i>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">One of the
earliest Alupa king, <b>Gunas</b></span><b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">gara</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> (ca.650-680
CE) was popularly known as <b>Aluvarasa</b>
<b>I</b>. (ಅಳುವರಸ/ ಆಳುವರಸ). Since the word Aluva (= 1. Ruling
2. Estuary) is a homonym which has an additional meaning suggestive of ruler,
the historians have mis-interpreted this title as <i>Aluva </i>+ <i>arasa</i>, the ruling
king. On reconsideration, it is proposed that the title <i>Aluva</i> + <i>arasa</i>, means the
arasa (king) from the Aluva, the estuary.
The place name “Aluva” (=estuary) appear to have been referred to the
Aluva - kheda, the estuarine valley of Maroli - Alupe villages. Further, later
in the history, Alupa king Gunas</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">gara
(Aluvarasa I) had a grandson who was popularly known as Aluvarasa II
(ca.730-760 CE). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Besides, Govinda
Pai (1927) also reminded that in Dr</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">vida
languages like Tamil, the term Aluva has the following meanings: (a) sea (b)
pit (c) extended part of a forest (d) country. Thus, we can conclude that <b><i>Aluva</i></b>
refers to the estuarine pit (river mouth) near the sea and the word was later
applied to their country or state and the kings (or chieftains) hailing from
the region were referred to as Arasa (king) of Aluva (estuary) or the
Aluvarasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Thus it can be seen that the place name and
the term “Aluva” (> Alva) became a popular surname among the Tulu people
subsequently, especially among the Bunt-Nadava community.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5. Olokhoira: Aluva-kheda or Alaka city?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Greek
historian Ptolemy (ca. 100 CE) has recorded the <u>inland</u> port city of “<i>Olokhoira</i>” in Western India. Our
historians considered <i>Olokhoira</i> as the
Greek equivalent of “<i>Aluva-khe</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ḍ</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">” (Govinda
Pai, 1927). The Aluva-kheda was the
region in the West coast as mentioned in some of the later inscriptions in
Kannada. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The word “<i>khe</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ḍ</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">” </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">– </span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">ಖೇಡ
- </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">means a
depressed valley or deep ditch. The word has an alternate form: “khe</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ḍḍ</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a”.
(The <i>khe</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ḍḍ</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">– </span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">ಖೆಡ್ಡ - </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">is a camouflaged
ditch or pit designed for capturing and taming wild elephants). The geography
of the circular deep valley within the limits of present Maroli – Alupe villages, East of Mangaluru
city, matches with the word ”<i> khe</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ḍ</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”. Thus the Greek word “Olokhoira”, can be interpreted
as a <i>khe</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ḍ</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> (or deep
valley) formed at the site of the ancient Aluve (=
estuary) as discussed above.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Origin of
the Greek word Olokhoira may be disputed. The Olokhoira may be Greek equivalent
of Aluva Kheda as suggested by Govinda Pai or it may be the Greek modified equivalent of <b>Alaka-oor!<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Olokhoira</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
= Alaka + oor?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">We shall
discuss about the place “Alaka” in following sections:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <b>6.
Tentative paleo geography of Mangaluru region<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The
discussions above suggest that Mangaluru on the West Coast of Karnataka had a
past geography that differs from the current scenario. To understand the
probable past geographic scenario, we present herewith two maps to represent
the situation (a) around 500 BCE and (b) around 500 CE. For comparison we have
also provided (c) the present geography superposed with interpreted locations
of the <i>Aluva</i> and <i>Alaka</i>.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">7. Why Mangaluru missing in Greek records?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Greek
historian who mentioned “<i>Olokhoira</i>”
has not mentioned the port city of “Mangaluru” or any of its equivalent ancient
names. Why?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The strange
fact is that Mangaluru or the ancient places like “Mangāra”(the area west of
Mangalādevi) and “Mangala” (the field area of Mangalādevi) from which the place
name Mangaluru originated did not exist
while the composition of the Greek documents cited during the beginning of
Common Era! These places were rather
unknown as they were submerged under the sea, before the beginning of Common Era,
and as result of regression of the Sea, the region were exposed later ! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On the other
hand, before the beginning of Common Era the Aluva/Alape estuary was the sea
port (on the mouth of the ancient position of Netravati River). Ptolemy noted
that <i>Olokhoira</i> was an inland port
city (Govinda Pai, 1927). Thus, based on this information, we can tentatively deduce
that the Sea had receded from <i>Aluva</i> <i>kheda</i> estuary before 100 CE.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8.Position of Basruru Port<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Note that
Basruru, another renowned port of Tulunadu, is also <i><u>inland</u></i> in position similar to Aluva. The position of this historical port also
provides additional support to the theory of marine regression. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The
recession or regression of the Arabian sea
tallies with the anecdotes conceptualized in the legends of “<i>Parashurama Shristi</i>” popular all over the
West Coast of India. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">What is the
essential theme of Parashrama Shristi?<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">9. Parashurama <i>Shristi</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The popular
legend of sage Parashurama has described in the <b>Sahyadri khanda</b> of <b>Skanda Purana</b>. In
summary, sage Parashurama when confronted with the issue of scarcity of free
land to be allotted to new immigrants to the region, he impleaded with the Lord
of the Sea, Varuna, to retreat as far as his axe can go. He threw his axe
towards the Sea and the Lord of the Sea obliged and retreated up till the line
of the place of fall of the axe.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> The beautiful visualization in the anecdote apparently
is based on a natural event of regression of the Arabian Sea during the early
centuries of the Common Era, probably the phase of regression that occurred between ca.1000 to 100 <span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BCE</span>. That is say that about 500 BC and before the present city area of Mangaluru was under the Sea!<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">What are the
other geological evidences to suggest that Mangaluru city was under the Sea?<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10. Tidal pebble deposits<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">One of the
interesting geological evidence in support of the theory of submergence of
Mangaluru city under sea is the existence of extensive tidal shallow water
sedimentary formations of quartz pebble deposits that evince the deposits
formed under tidal shallow sea conditions. Such quartz pebble deposits strewn
in a matrix of lateritic or clayey material, can widely seen in parts of
Mangaluru city such as Attavara, Kadri, Bendur , Kodialbail, Pandeshwara and
other areas, which also correspond to the traces of recognized ‘paleo’ (= ancient) river channels
of Netravati and Gurupur rivers. The present thickness of such quartz - pebble
deposits set in lateritic- clay matrix is about 30 m as estimated in borewell
sections in these areas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Similarly,
fine bedded layers of sedimentary formations, with current bedding and other
structures, have been observed in civil construction locations like Kadri -
Shivabagh areas, that are suggestive of formations under shallow sea
conditions.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">11. Lateritoid red bed deposits<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Laterite
deposits with hardened surface tops are a common occurrence in the coastal
areas. However, in the areas West of Alape or those coastal areas submerged
under the sea during the past history, we can see lateritoid (laterite like)
red bed /red soil deposits which have not completely developed the dry hardened
tops, but have remained as red bed formations.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> There are also other supplementary geological evidences like the occurrence of bentonites and the distribution of black clays.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">12. Pandya and Pandeshwara<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Note that
Alupa rulers decorated themselves with the title of P</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ndya. It appears that it was
customary for <i>P</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ndi</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> merchants
to be known as <i>P</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ndya</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> or owner of
<i>P</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ndi</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> boat in
those times. The port where <i>p</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ndi</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> boats were
anchored was known as <i>Pandela</i>. One
such <i>pandela </i>port in ancient
Mangaluru around 500 CE was located near Pandeshwara. The name <i>P</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ndeshwara</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
(<i>P</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ndi +Eeshwara</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">) came from the name of the Shiva (<i>Eeshwara</i>) temple located at the <i>Pandela</i>.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">13. Kulashekara<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In the
medieval and later period of history of Tulunadu (12<sup>th</sup> century CE
onwards) there were three Alupa rulers named as Kulashekhara. These were as
follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Veera
Kulashekhara I (ca 1170-1220 CE)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kulashekhara
II (ca.1346-1355)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kulashekhara <span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">III</span> (ca.1355-1390)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The
North-Eastern part of the Aluva-kheda the estuarine valley was apparently named
after king Kulashekhara I. The Kulashekhara area in Mangaluru East is a popular
landmark even today. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The spatial
association of the place Kulashekhara with Aluva-kheda estuarine valley also attests the Alupe location of Alupa
kings.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">14. Ancient temples in the proximity</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ancient
temples in the vicinity of the Alupa headquarters possibly played significant
roles in the destiny of the Alupa rulers. However, available data suggests that
the temples also have evolved in terms of faith as well as structure during the
historical period. Notable temples proximal in location to the Aluva-kheda are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Surya-Narayana
temple , Maroli-Alupe valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Anantha
Padmanabha temple, Kudupu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Anantha
Padman</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">bha
Subramanya temple, Neermarga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Manjun</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tha temple, Kadri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Veera N</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">r</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ā</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">yana/Krishna temple, Kulashekhara <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">15. Alaka: the capital<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The places known by the name of Alake (ಅಳಕೆ or “Alaka” ಅಲಕ) appear to be the
actual area of Alupa capital or the site of their palace and administrative
headquarters. The place near Bikarnakatte, marked as Alake I (one) in the maps
here, appear to be the original site of the capital of Alupa kingdom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The place name Alake carries the same meaning as the place name Alape.
The suffix “ke” (or ka) in the place name Alake means the habitation similar to
the suffix “ pe” (or pu ) in Alape. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">When the place names Alape and Alake both having similar shades of
etymological meanings, why the name “Alake” was selected for their capital by the
Alupa/ Aluva rulers?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The answer lies in the Purana legends. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The name “Alaka” happens to be the name of capital of the legendary Lord
of wealth Kubera according to Puranas ! It
appears that Alupa kings wanted achieve the wealth, similar to Kubera and thus
emulated the name of capital of Kubera. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mahakuta inscription of Chalukya
period (ca 602 CE) mentions “ALuka” (ಅಳುಕ) as one of the coastal States of the time.
The name Aluka appears to be a variant of the place name Alaka. Govinda Pai
(1949) equated the ALuka in the Mahakuta inscription with the Aluvakheda or the
primary domain of Alupa rulers. Some of the Aluva youngsters were serving
Chalukya army in that period (early part of 7<sup>th</sup> Century CE), but apparently,
the Aluva headquarters remained at the
ancient town of Alaka or Aluka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">16. Two Alake in Mangaluru<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">There are two places having the name “Alake” in Mangaluru. Let me
designate these as Alake one (1) and Alake two (2) as shown in maps enclosed.
The Alake 1 is located about 500 m north of Bikarnakatta point on the Nanturu-
Mudabidri road (NH 239). The Alake 2 is located near Kudroli close to the
present coast. The former, though is
less well known, is located within the zone of ancient Alape-Maroli area. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">After the regression of the Sea, Alupas shifted their headquarter to the newly
formed coastal place near Kudroli which was also named as Alake after the
capital of Kubera. In the maps enclosed, we have marked this as Alake 2.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">17. Other
Alake places<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On second thoughts it appears that it was a common practice during
ancient times to name their ancient capitals or kings palaces after the Alake
of Kubera! Thus these: “Alake” capital towns belonged to different kings and
chieftains in the history.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In this regrd we can cite Alake (now altered to Alike) near Vittal in
Bantwal Taluk.). Similarly there is a <i>Nandalike</i>,
near Karkal, which appears to be capital of Nanda rulers. Further, there is a <i>Paivalike</i> in Bantwal taluk, which could
have been the ancient capital of <i>Pai</i>
tribal rulers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">There may be many more such presently known or unknown “Alaka” places representing
capitals of forgotten ancient States in the region!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><u>Summary and Conclusions
</u><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><u><br /></u></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The terrain of Mangaluru embodies implicit evidences of major topographic
changes of historical significance especially in terms the position of rivers
and the Sea. The position of the rivers
have been shifted as well the sea has receded during the course of history.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In the history of Alupa kings who ruled from Mangaluru for over a period
of millennium years, we encounter terms like Alupa, Aluva, Alaka and Aluka in
inscriptions found in Karnataka. These terms generally have been considered as
equivalents so far by our historians. The members of the Alupa family began
their career as marine traders of food grains spices and timber in the west
coast.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Our studies and inferences suggest that <b>Alupa</b> ಅಳುಪ referred to the name
of the village <b>Alupe ಅಳುಪೆ</b> in Eastern Mangaluru they originally hailed from.
The term <b>Aluva</b> ಅಳುವ (ಅಳಿವೆ) referred to the now abandoned, ancient estuary of River Netrāvati.
Aluva means estuary or the mouth of the river where it joins the sea. The term “Aluva”
(>”Alva” ಆಳ್ವ) has survived as a surname especially among members of the native Bunt
community. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The <b>Alaka</b> (recorded as Aluka ಅಳುಕ in Mahakuta inscription of ca. 602
CE), named after the capital of Kubera, the God of wealth, ಅಲಕ/ಅಲಕಪುರಿ was the name of the capital
of Alupa/Aluva kingdom. Alaka or Alake now is a forgotten place near Bikarnakatte.
The place marked as <b>Alaka 1,</b> in the maps herein, was the initial capital
of Alupa kings. The <b><i>Olokhoira</i></b>
of Ptolemy could have been the Greek equivalent of the place name: <b><i>Alaka - oor</i>, </b>(ಅಲಕ ಊರು)<b> </b>instead of <i>Aluva-kheda</i> as suggested by earlier historians<b>.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">With regression of the Arabian Sea, and exposure of new land west of
Aluva, the Alupa rulers shifted their capital to <b>Alaka 2</b> , where the new
estuary was formed as a result of regression of the sea. The Alaka 2 is now <b>Alake</b>,
a known popular place in the city near Kudroli, in Western Mangaluru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">References<o:p></o:p></span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Govinda Pai,
M.(1927) “Itihaasada irulalli Tulunadu” (Kannada). Reprinted in <i>Govinda Pai Samshodhan Samputa</i>, (1995).Editors:
Heranje Krishna Bhat & Murulidar Upadhya Hiriadaka,. MGM College, Udupi, pp.
563-574, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Govinda Pai,
M.(1947) “Tulunadu Poorva-smruti” (Kannada). Reprinted in: <i>Govinda Pai Samshodhan Samputa</i>, (1995). Editors: Heranje Krishna
Bhat & Murulidar Upadhya Hiriadaka, MGM College, Udupi pp. 581-604. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Govinda Pai,
M. (1949) “<i>Dakshina Kannada jilleya
haleya hesarugalu</i>” (Kannada). Reprinted in: Govinda Pai Samshodhan Samputa,
(1995). Editors: Heranje Krishna Bhat & Murulidar Upadhya Hiriadaka, MGM
College, Udupi pp. 605-608. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ravindra, B.M, and Venkat Reddy, D (2010)</span> <span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Verdana\,Bold"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Neotectonic
Evolution of Coastal Rivers of Mangalore, Karavali Karnataka, India, </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">International
Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, ISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 04, No. 04,
August 2011, pp. 561-574.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">**<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Also read older posts
in this blog for additional references</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "commercialscript bt"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">R</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-89045555386398946412019-07-14T13:36:00.000+05:302019-07-21T08:06:48.592+05:30420. The göḍu toponym tag, as in Kāsaragöḍu<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Kasaragodu district, encircling a city of the same name, formerly a
part of the historical Tulunadu, is located to the south of city Mangaluru and
is part of Kerala state in the current political scenario.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The place name Kasaragodu (pronunciation: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kāsaragöḍu</i>) [even though appears like <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kasara</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">godu</i>],<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in essence consists of two words : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kāsaraka </i>and<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> öḍu</i>. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kāsaraka (Tulu: K</i><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">ā</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">yer mara, K</i><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">ā</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">veri mara) </i>refers
to a wild tree, common in coastal rural settings and familiar to botanists as: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Strynchnos nuxvomica</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The tree has historical significance as some
of the ancient royal families of Tulunadu held it as a power symbol of regality,
as it was a common practice in the antiquity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The tree is known in other languages<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>as: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kuchila</i> (Hindi), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kanjaram</i> or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yetti</i> (Tamil), or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Snakewood</i>
or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Poison nut</i> tree ( English).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The suffix<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>göḍu</i> in Kannada is an
alternate variant of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">köḍu,</i> which
generally means in Kannada, (a) horn (of a animal) or (b) horn –like peak of a
hill. However, in Kasaragodu or any of the other <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kodu/ godu</i> villages you do not find any steep hill peaks. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Thus, there is strong possibility that in this case the apparent word the
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">köḍu ( </i>or the<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> göḍu) </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is a homonym having a
several meanings. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Besides, the analogous
village names ending with similar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kod’/ god’ (</i>or even<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ghod) </i>spatial <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>suffixes and their related variants in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh,Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and other States of India also<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gujarat and Maharashtra share many village names analogous to those found in coastal
Karnataka. That is to imply that people of coastal Karnataka have shared
certain strings of common linguistic affinities in the antiquity, besides
socio-cultural ties with ancestral Gujarat and other adjacent regions in
northern India. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The genetic connections are also apparent as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gujjaran</i> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gujjarannaya</i>) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bari</i> lineage found in Tulu communities, is
considered to have been derived from the immigrated <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gujjar</i> people. The Gujjar ancestors are considered as a sub-tribe
of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hun</i>s. Incidentally, historical
imprints of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pun</i>s (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pun</i>< <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hun</i>) can also be recognized in the place names of ancient Tulunadu,
as we have discussed in some of our older Posts herein.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">köḍu</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">- <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">göḍu</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>relationship<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Similar to <i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">K</i><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">ā</i><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">sara</i><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">göḍu</i>, there is a place known as <i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">K</i><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">ā</i><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">sara</i><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">köḍu</i> near
Honnavar, Uttara Kannada district.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There
are two possible ways of understanding <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">köḍu</i>
-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> göḍu</i> relationships:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. In Kannada grammar, while two words join together (for example, as in
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kāsara</i> + <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">köḍu)</i>, the consonant <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ka</i>
at the beginning of the second word, is replaced by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ga</i>, (as transition of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ka>ga).
</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kāsara</i> + <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">köḍu</i> becomes <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kāsaragöḍu</i> on unification of the two
words. Hence, the two place names <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kasarak</i><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">ö</i><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">ḍ</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">u</i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kāsaragöḍu</i> can be considered as
mutually alternate forms of the same word, or in other words: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">köḍu</i>=<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">göḍu</i>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. In ancient Dravidian languages endowed with script,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>like Tamil, there is no distinction between
consonant pairs, like <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ka</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ga</i>. A single alphabet/consonant for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ka</i> would represent<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ga</i> also, since there is no separate alphabet
for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ga</i>. This kind of situation has
come into existence probably because among the consonant pairs <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ka</i> evolved chronologically earlier than <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ga</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Other <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">goḍu</i> places<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Besides,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">K</i><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">ā</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sara</i><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">göḍu</i>, there are several other villages having the suffix tag
of <i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">göḍu</i> in their names, such as:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Balugodu</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">,
Sullia Taluk, Dakshina Kannada district,Karnataka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Basgod(u)</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">,
Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Bisgod(u),</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> Uttara
Kannada district, Karnataka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Magodu</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">, Gujarat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Magodu</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">, Uttara
Kannada district, Karnataka<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><i>Mangod(u)</i>,Udupi district,Karnataka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Nandigodu</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">, Karnataka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The place names ending with<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> -köḍu </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">göḍu</i>
forms are almost exclusive to Kannada language areas hence the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">öḍu </i>suffix format possibly could have
evolved in Kannada speaking areas. However, the related <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">–köḍ’ </i>and<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>–<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">göḍ’ </i>suffixes along with their variants <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">-köḍ, -köḍa, -köḍe, -köḍi</i> or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">göḍ, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>göḍa,
göḍe and göḍi</i> etc are distributed widely in India, suggesting that it could
have been derived from an older language that once upon a time pervaded all
over the country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Other variants of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">goḍu</i>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">köḍi,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">köḍe </i>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">göḍi</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">There
are some more apparent word variants of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">köḍu</i>
/<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> göḍu </i>toponym<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>suffixes distributed in and outside Karnataka. The presence of
such place names outside Karnataka also suggests that this basic toponym <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">köḍu</i>/
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">göḍu</i> may not an exclusive word of Kannada
origin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Suffixes: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-köḍ’, -göḍ’, -köḍi, -göḍi, -köḍe, -göḍe</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(a) In
Karnataka (sample list):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Adugoḍi</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">,
Bengaluru district, Karnataka<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><i style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">Kanakod(e)</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">,Udupi district,Karnataka</span></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Koikoḍe</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">, Mangaluru
Taluk, Dakshina kannada, Karnataka<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Tākoḍe</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">, near
Mudabidri, Dakshina kannada, Karnataka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Raikoḍ</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">, ….,
Karnataka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Jamgod</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">, (a
hamlet near Ankola) Uttar Kannada district, Karnataka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Nagoda,….</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> Karnataka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">..etc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(b) Outside
Karnataka (sample list):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Bagoḍ(a):
</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Digoḍ(a):
</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Gagoḍe</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> : Maharashtra<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Jamgoḍ/ Jamghod</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">,
Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Jamguḍa,</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
Andhra Pradesh, Orissa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Magoḍa</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">,
Gujarat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Magoḍi</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">, Gujarat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mangoḍ(u),</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
Madhya Pradesh, Tamilnadu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Nagoḍ(a),</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ogoḍe</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">,
Andhra Pradesh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Pangoḍe</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">,
Kerala<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Raikoḍe</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">,
Andhra Pradesh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Sagoḍ</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Madhya Pradesh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Sagoḍa</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">,
Madhya Pradesh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Sagoḍee</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">,
Uttar Pradesh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Sagoḍi</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">,
Madhya Pradesh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Tiruchengoḍe</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">, Tamilnadu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Velgoḍe</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">, Andhra
Pradesh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">..etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are also stand alone toponyms like <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Koḍ, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Koḍa,Koḍe,
Goḍe</i> etc distributed<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in various States
of India:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Koḍ</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">:
Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Koḍa</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">:
Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Koḍe</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">:
Maharashtra.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Goḍe</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">: Karnataka.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Additional variants:
<i>-kuḍe</i> and <i>-guḍem</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Another variant of the suffix <i>-koḍe</i> is <i>kuḍe</i>. The <i>kuḍe</i> and its transformed equivalent <i>guḍe</i> have a meaning of cavity in Tulu language.
A large number of places ending with suffix <i>–guḍem</i>
exist in Andhra Pradesh.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Tulu,
Kannada and other resources</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">köḍu</i> in Tulu and Kannada
generally means (a) a pod, a plant part or (b) horn of animals like cow, bull,
deer etc. This connotation does not appear suitable for application in place
names. However, by extension, the word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">köḍu</i>
can be extended to geographic units with peaks of hills or vertically projecting
rock outcrops. However, this application also appears untenable as most of
these places (especially the Kasarkodu/Kasaragodu places we began with) do not
have such peaks of hills or rocky inselbergs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">One of
the apparent variants of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">koḍi</i> usually
means corner or end point in Tulu and Kannada. Usually such <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">koḍi </i>place names<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>are associated with estuary/ river mouth endpoints. Such <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">koḍi</i> toponyms can be considered
separately and not as part of kodu-godu group of place names.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Therefore,
to understand the original meaning of the place names of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">koḍu-goḍu</i> group, we may have to look into other languages and types
of words that prevailed in this land in the antiquity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The wide
distribution of these toponymic words suggest that the roots of these <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kod(u)</i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> -</b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> goḍ (u), </i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>toponym<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>suffixes<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and their
alternate variants could originally be from older languages like Prakrit and
Austro-Asiatic/Munda that once pervaded through <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>various regions of India. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Short
morpheme like prefixes<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Note
that some of these ancient place names have, rather strange sounding, morpheme-
like, short prefix words such as: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aa</i>-
in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Akoda</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ba-</i> in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bakoda</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Da-</i> in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dakode</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ga-</i> in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gagode</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ir-</i> in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Irkode</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le</i>- in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lekoda</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ma-</i> in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Magodu</i> , <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Na-</i> in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nagod(a)</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">O-</i> in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ogode</i>, or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sa-</i> in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sago</i>d or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta-</i> in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tākode</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Available
data on such ancient short words appears to be limited. The ancient Austro-Asiatic
languages are reported to have such short words. (</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tunga<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>).
</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Since,
there were quite extensive inter tribal communication and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>exchange of words among Austro-Asiatic Munda, Tibeto-Burman,
Prakrit and Dravidian speaking tribes in the antiquity, we can presume that
short primitive words prevailed in all these ancient languages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Sudhamsu
Sekhara Tunga (1995 ), for example, provides some insight into the short words that
exist in the place names of North-Eastern India. The short word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ḍi </i>in Bodo place names (as in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dimapur</i>) relates to river, whereas the
equivalent word for river in Austro-Asiatic Ahom language is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ti.</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We find toponymic suffixes like: -<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ḍa</i>, -<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ḍu
</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and -<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ṭa</i> represent habitation indicators, possibly located by the side of
water bodies, in numerous place names. (It is similar to suffix <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">-ala</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Similar,
short words also prevailed in Dravidian languages. For example, Tamil word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kovil </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is made up of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kov+ il </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(= a shrine; an abode dedicated to God) where <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ko(v)</i> represents supernatural or God and
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ill’</i> means abode or house.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(1).Thus,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">köḍu </i>or<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> kö+ḍu </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>would possibly mean a
place dedicated to a supernatural force. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As ka>ga transitions suggest, we can
consider <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">göḍu</i> as modified form of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">köḍu. <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Probably the original ancient word form was: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">koḍ’ </i>or<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> koḍe </i>(or its transformed equivalent<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> goḍ’ </i>or<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> goḍe</i>)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>which we find extensively in ancient place
names such as Bagod, Irkode, Jamgod, Kakode, Legod, Magod, Sagod, Takode etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(2). The
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">koḍa </i>also represents a earthen pot, (equivalent
of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mūri</i> or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kalasha</i>,) which was used in auspicious and obituary related ceremonies.
It was an ancient practice to preserve the dead remains of people in <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">koḍa</i> earthen pots. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even after adopting the custom burning of dead
bodies, the Hindus have retained usage of a ceremonial water filled earthen pot
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">koḍa),</i> with a hole, during the cremation
of dead bodies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Besides,
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">koḍa <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or koḍapāna <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</i>especially<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>in Tulu and Kannada<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">) </i>was
also used to carry water from the river to the house<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i> The short root word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cu, cua</i>
or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">co</i> preserved in Tibeto-Burman
languages means water.(Tunga,1995 ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(3). That
the word <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">koḍe </i>or<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> koḍa </i>was
connected with burial ceremonies is also attested by existence of the term <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kodekal </i>in place names<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. </i>The<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
Kodekal </i>refers to megalithic stone burial structures.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>Evolution of word koda</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Thus, in conclusion, on overall analysis of the available data, it appears that habitations and villages located near ancient
burial structures were used to be named as <i>koda/kode/kodu </i>or <i>gode/godu</i>
villages.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Words
are essential heritage elements that have been passed on along the human evolutionary
chronology, among different cultures, and adopted by different languages
somewhat like valuable coins. Existence of similar sounding words among diverse
regions, located geographically far apart now, say like in India, Japan and
Europe, owe their existence among primitive cultures that have been dissipated and
have planted the heritage words in places they settled in the due course of
history in diverse regions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The <i>koḍa</i> family group of words, that
encompasses <i>kuḍe,koḍe,koḍa,kḍd, kḍdu</i>
and their k>g transformed g - equivalents (<i>guḍe, goḍe,goḍa, goḍ, goḍu</i> etc) appears to have been survived and
evolved over along a prolonged period of time, considering their existence in
several languages, cultures, time and space zones.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> In the cited word family, the word ‘<i>kuḍe</i>’ (> <i>guḍe</i>), which refers to cave or cavity, may one of the earliest one.
Further, ‘<i>koḍa</i>’ was attributed to
earthen pot with a cavity inside to hold water or any other material. There are
numerous words, apart from <i>koḍa</i>, to
represent the earthen pot like <i>muri, kaḍya,
kalasha</i> etc which probably came from tribal diverse cultures. The water
bearing pot was auspicious at that time and it was used for ceremonies to
symbolically represent the divinity or the supernatural force.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The
ancient tribes also held that dead people continue to exist in the form of
supernatural forces, in the form of spirits divine or malignant depending on
the service rendered by the living ones. During the course of such beliefs the
practice of preserving the remains of the dead evolved and some cultures the
dead remains were preserved in earthen pots or the <i>koḍa </i>or<i> koḍe</i>. The word <i>kode</i>
appears to one of the early words in this word family, as it is associated with
short ancient words which we discussed above in brief. The megalithic burial
structures, dolmens, made of stone slabs, and known as <i>koḍe-kal </i>(For example,<i> Panḍavara
kallu) </i>also conform to this viewpoint. The place names <i>Koḍekal</i> (and its evolved or
deformed variants) represent places of megalithic burial structures.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "commercialscript bt"; font-size: 20.0pt;">R</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 20.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">References</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sudhamsu Sekhara Tunga (1995 )<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Bengali and other related dialects of South Assam</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. </span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mittal
Publications. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also in Google books</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-64696764279016177282019-06-03T08:01:00.001+05:302019-06-05T06:53:30.236+05:30419. Village names ending with suffix: -kūru<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SnMzgGpZ63o/XPSFjc8yruI/AAAAAAAAO48/g0XR9JIFQYAn2UgU73nFKXT4EFNYLH-wwCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20190218_103852.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SnMzgGpZ63o/XPSFjc8yruI/AAAAAAAAO48/g0XR9JIFQYAn2UgU73nFKXT4EFNYLH-wwCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20190218_103852.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Beauty of Temple chariot (Ratha or Teru), Mundkuru.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ooru (or Ūru) is a common Dravidian word for village or habitation and
it occurs as a suffix in many South Indian place names as a suffix (or last
part of the word). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Comparatively, there are also several ancient village names in coastal
Tulunadu that end with a suffix of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">–kūru</i>.
For example: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nandikūru, Mundkūru, Balkuru,
Barkuru, Saukūru</i>.. etc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Similar –<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kūru</i> ending place names are common place
in the eastern parts of peninsular Andhra Pradesh/Telangana region.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Now, what was the difference between <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ūru</i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kūru</i>? Or why some village-names
were chosen and named with the suffix of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">–kūru,
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>while simple suffix of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ūru</i>
would have been <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>suffice?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Some readers may confuse the suffix: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kūru
</i>with<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> kuru.</i> The ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kuru’ (</i>as in<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Kurukshetra),</i> means a hilly region, whereas <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kūru<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(ku+ūru)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>is an alternate compound form of the
common Dravidian word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ūr</i> (or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">oor ).</i> The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kuru</i> (and its alternate form, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kor</i>)
is a part of tribal group names such as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kor,
Korava, Koraga</i> etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kūru<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>villages<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Village names such as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Athikur,
Bailkur, Balkur, Barkur, Betkur, Bhankur, Chowkur, Halkur, Huskur, Kandakur,
Karekura, Tumkur</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nandikūru,
Mundkūru, Balkuru, Barkuru, Saukūru</i>.. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Karnataka and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Agomothkur,
Andukuru, Anukuru, Atmakuru, Bhuthkur, Chillakur, Ikhuru, Kondikur, Modukuru,
Nadakuru, Birkoor</i> etc in Andhra Pradesh serve as some of the examples for
villages ending with -<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kūru</i> suffix.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kūru: an analysis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Thus, the suffix word/component <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kūru
</i>can be analysed as: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ku+ūru. </i>Regarding
the meaning of the component <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ku</i> here,
there can be two possible answers:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The suffix tag of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ka (</i>or<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> -ku</i> or -<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ki )</i> was one of
the oldest decipherable habitation indicator tag, which was used in those days
of early civilization, to refer to a small human colony or habitation of say
less than about 100 people. Village names like: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Baraka, Bekha, Booka, Dabka, Gokak, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hebbaka, Kabaka, Moka </i>etc in different
parts of Karnataka can be offered as examples for ancient village names ending
with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">-ka</i> . Here the suffix <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">–ka</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">-kha</i>
represents a habitation or a tiny ancient village.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. In some of the ancient Indian languages, a prefix tag of “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ku”</i> served to mean good, beautiful,
auspicious etc. For example: the ancient word “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kumāra</i>” was formed by joining,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ku</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">māra</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Of the two options discussed
above, the first one appears realistic as there are many ancient habitation
names ending with -<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ka, -kh, -ke, -ki</i> or -<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ku. ( </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">For</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">example</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">: Kabaka, Moka, Gokak, Alike,Belke,Barke, Kukke,Jowku etc).<o:p></o:p></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Small ancient habitations<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Human evolution grew in the form of small habitations and these colonies
were designated with simple suffix tags that ended with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ka</i> (or its phonetic variants) or with similarly simpler consonants
such as: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta, pa sa, ya</i> ..etc. We shall cover more these aspects in some of
our forthcoming posts. Primitive words were simpler consonants which evolved
with time to form more complex words.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Antiquity of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>word Ūr ( Oor)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ūr</i> ( or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oor</i>) has widely accepted as a common
word for village in Dravidian languages including Tulu. However, the word does
not appear to be the exclusive property of Dravidian languages of India.
Sumerian civilization, that flourished some 6000 years ago in Mediterranean
region had a town known as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ur</i>!. This
confirms that about 6000 years before present the word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ur</i> existed in Mediterranean region also! Whether the ancient
Dravidians borrowed the word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ur</i> from
the ancient Sumerians or vice versa can only be finalized after intensive
research into the available historical data. But the fact remains that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Uru</i> was a global word that existed at
least since 6000 years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Evolution of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">-kuru</i>
suffix<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The discussion above leads us to conclude that the spatial suffixes like
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">-kuru</i> grew as <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the human settlements grew in population and
size.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Words like <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Uru </i>represented evolved villages that possibly contained hundreds
of people. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the size and strength of
the human colonies increased new words like <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">–uru
</i>(= village) were added to the old habitation names that previously ended
with a simple <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>suffix such as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">-ka.</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In other words the original or older village names were <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mundaka, Nandika, Baraka</i> etc which later
with addition of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">–uru</i> suffix, became
Mund<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kūru</i>, Nandi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kūru</i>, Bar<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kūru</i> .. etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mundaka+ūru=
Mundakūru<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Nandika+ūru=Nandikūru<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Baraka+ūru=Barakūru<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">etc..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(Notes: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Munda</i> refers to the
name of an ancient tribe; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nandi</i>= a
bull ; or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nanda</i> = a tribe; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bāra</i>= an estuary; river mouth at sea beach)<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Antiquity of spatial suffix <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">-ka</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Our proposed model of evolution
of habitation/village names based on the sequence of affixation of spatial tags
of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">-uru</i> over <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">–ka, </i>suggests that the suffix -<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ka</i>
might be much more older than <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">-uru</i> ,
may be about 10,000 years old . Similar to the word Ur, the suffix ka is not
only ancient but also global in extent as you can find similar suffix tags in
African/Mediterranean ancient country names such as : Ira<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">q</i> , Moro<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cco</i>, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "commercialscript bt"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">R</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PVsQ8RIcg6E/XPSGJpmuBZI/AAAAAAAAO5E/jmQg_l6AM4M8d8ABusCe-Nk2vlKghdSiQCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20190218_104726.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PVsQ8RIcg6E/XPSGJpmuBZI/AAAAAAAAO5E/jmQg_l6AM4M8d8ABusCe-Nk2vlKghdSiQCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20190218_104726.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The josh of temple festivities, Mundkuru, Udupi district, Karnataka.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "commercialscript bt"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-76749792963148325442019-05-21T08:18:00.000+05:302019-05-22T07:49:31.451+05:30418. Moolianna: An ancient priestly designation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Most of the ancient religious shrines in Tulunadu have survived to this
date as they were well managed with the active cooperation and participation of
devout public. Each shrine was <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>an institution <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with a
designated administrator and caretaker (usually hereditary) to oversee the
proper functioning. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One such ancient religious designation is known as “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Moolianna</i>” (or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mūlyanna</i>).
The word is significant for students of history and heritage as it throws
certain light over the way our religious customs and institutions evolved over
the time. We shall discuss and analyze the word “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">moolianna</i>”( and related <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mooliyadige</i>” ) considering an example
from Uliya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Ullal, southern Mangaluru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Devu Moolianna</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> at Uliya, Ullal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On the southern bank of River Netravati, to the south of Mangaluru city,
lies the port town of Ullal, historically well known as the bastion of dynamic
queen Abbakka, who is well remembered for her freedom struggles against the
tyrannies of Portuguese invaders.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Geographically, Uliya is a river island within Ullal. There is a
historical undated <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ullaldi</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dharmarasu</i> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dharma</i>=righteous path; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">arasu</i>=king)
shrine, located within Uliya area consisting of a large number of members of
Sapaliga community. It is managed by a “Moolianna”. Based on the religious designation,
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dharmadarshi</i> (religious
caretaker; a trustee) is specifically is known as “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Devu
Moolianna</i>”, wherein the name “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Devu</i>”
refers to the name of first person who donned this designation in the past history.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The title <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Devu Moolianna</i>“continues usually along hereditary lines. Presently,
Shri Kripanand, son of Bhavani and Shivappa is holding the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">moolyadige</i> rights of the shrine.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8EPoxntpe7A/XOSv96eqRAI/AAAAAAAAO3Y/Md20cM7QeTMIDcxYGFrnGP9XnCBhUEubgCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20190521_194101.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8EPoxntpe7A/XOSv96eqRAI/AAAAAAAAO3Y/Md20cM7QeTMIDcxYGFrnGP9XnCBhUEubgCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20190521_194101.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Muri: an earthen vessel</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Origin of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Moolianna</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What could be the origin of this
designation: Moolianna or Mulyanna?. </span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The term<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> “mūlya” </i>or<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> “moolya” </i>usually<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>refers
to members of<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Kulāl </i>community<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, </i>who are traditional pot makers in
Tulunadu<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. </i>In this case, the
designated title: ” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Devu Mooliyanna” </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is not selected from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Moolya</i> community. Then what is the relationship between the
designated title “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mooliyanna</i>” and the
nature and duty of caretaker (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dharma-darshi</i>)
of the shrine?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In order to understand the significance of this religious title, we have
to review the evolution of our ancient religious practices that date back to a
historical period, before the formation of communities and castes in Tulunadu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mūri </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">and<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> mūrlu</i> : the symbolic holy pot
worship<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The word “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mūri</i>” (or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mori</i>) refers to small <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>earthen pot.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It is also at places known as “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mūri-ginde”.
(Tulu Lexicon, vol.6, p.2659). <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Following the invention of wheel, the art of pot making from earthen
clays came into being in the early civilizations. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>The earthen pot, a wonderful
creation at that point of civilization, was used as a holy symbol of deity or
deities<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. </i>Thus, in the tradition of
one of the oldest religious customs that prevailed all over ancient India, the
earthen pot was used symbolic of the deities they worshipped at that time
period. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The devotional symbol “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mūri</i>” is also associated with the word “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">muri</i>”or “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">muria</i>”, the ancient form of swearing or the prayer to divinity. The
word “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">muri</i>” is a homonym with several
interpreted meanings and one of the oldest meanings associated with word means
swearing (to God) or praying <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Tulu
Lexicon, vol.6, p.2638). </i>The related Tulu word<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> “mureDunu” </i>also means swearing, entreating, praying etc. In the
traditional devotional ceremonies, usually three earthen pots (“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mūrlu</i>,” plural of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mūri; </i>also known as<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> “murlu
daiva”</i>) were used. (See also: “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tuluvara
Moolatāna: Adi AlaDe” (Kannada) </i>by Dr. Indira Hegde<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, (2012), p.44).<o:p></o:p></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mūri and mūrte<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">The earthen pot is also used traditionally for tapping
toddy from toddy palms/ palmyra trees. The art of tapping the tender parts of
the toddy palm trees and collecting the toddy into the <i style="font-style: italic;">mūri</i><i style="font-style: italic;"> </i>vessels is known a<i style="font-style: italic;">s mūrte.</i></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kadya </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">and<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Kādya<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alternate regional variants of<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
“mūri” </i>are known variously as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kaDya,
kandel, kumbha, kalasha</i> etc. The <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kaDya</i>, another form of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mūri</i>, was used as symbolic of the
ancient serpent god , the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nāga. </i>Thus,
the word<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">KāDya” </i>also used to represent the<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
Nāga </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">deity.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The word<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kumbha </i>also means a pot and thus the
traditional pot makers are known as<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
kumbhārs. </i>The<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> kumbha </i>also became
a zodiac symbol of an astral constellation<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kalasha </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">and<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> brahma-kalasha<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">An alternate word for “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mūri</i>”, was
“kalasha”. Even nowadays, the kalasha consisting of earthen or metal pot filled
with water and overlaid with mango leaves and coconut, is used extensively in auspicious
ceremonies. This appears to be an evolved form of the ancient “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mūri</i>”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The concept of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kalasha,</i> originally
derived from ancient primitive prayer forms has evolved further and in the
present cultural scenario it is customary to perform periodically<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the auspicious “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brahma-kalasha</i>” ceremony during the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>renovation of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>temples.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mūri > mūli</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The word “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mūri</i>”, has an
alternate, probably an evolved<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>form in
“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mūli</i>” (or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mooli</i>). Thus traditionally, the person or the priest who conducts
worship and prayers to “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mūli</i>” was
known as “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mūliyanna”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>The designation initially was formed
before the ancient society was divided into different communities. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus we find the “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mulyādige</i>” (or the status of conducting <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">muri/muli</i> worship) was independent of community tags. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, with passage of time, those priests were
known as “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mūlya</i>”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Since such muri/muli worships were conducted by traditional pot makers
(now known as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kulāls</i> (old name: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oḍāri</i>) in Tulunadu), the term “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mūlya</i>” (the priest of holy pot worship)
became a surname of pot makers. (The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">–anna</i>
suffix tag in the designation “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Muliyanna</i>”,
is<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>an honorific <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>suggesting ‘elder brother’).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There is village known as “Moolara-patna” on the banks of River Gurupur,
near the ancient temple town of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Polali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Muri> murthi </span></i></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From one original word another word derives during the course of the
time. The ancient practice of “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">muri</i>”,
the symbolic holy </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">or auspicious pot worship, has evolved over the
time and refined artistic idols replaced the place of symbolic worship. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">The auspicious time for performing any
ceremony is known as </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt;">mūrta</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 13pt;"> (> </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt;">muhūrta</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">). Similarly, the </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 13pt;"> symbolic artistic idols were
and are known as “</span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt;">mūrthi</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">”. Thus the
word </span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt;">mūrthi </i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">appears to have been derived directly from the
ancient word : </span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt;">mūri.</i><br />
<i style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></i>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/--sYLSZjoHYo/XOSwKjHHYII/AAAAAAAAO3c/SU6cCydJB7YMX3jjOMvuvvL3H2OrvOvrwCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20190521_194308.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/--sYLSZjoHYo/XOSwKjHHYII/AAAAAAAAO3c/SU6cCydJB7YMX3jjOMvuvvL3H2OrvOvrwCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20190521_194308.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> Murthi: A bronze idol of Krishna.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mooliyanna vs. Mukkaldi<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Similar to “Moolianna”, there is another priestly designation namely,
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mukkāldi</i> . <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mukkālti</i>
(or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mukkāldi</i>) is a designated person
who would take care of the facial mask symbol of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bhūta</i> deity (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">moga/mooka/mukha</i>)
and other accessories of the spirit shrine. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In some areas he is known as “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bhūtada māni</i>” (man of Spirit deity). <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Usually there will be a <i>mukkāldi </i> (Bhuta mask keeper)
in every family, who carries on the duty of performing periodical worship rites
in the Spirit shrine of ancestral house. The designation and rites of <i>Mukkāldi</i>
was once commonly found all over
southern India, as evident by the existence of <i>Mukkaldiyar</i> caste in Tamilnadu</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The status of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mūliya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>priesthood<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>is known as<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Muliyadige. </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The designation was irrespective of the caste or the community.</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even though the origin of the word “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mūliya”</i> (or “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mooliayanna”</i>) and the parallel word “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mukkāldi” </i>are different, nowadays due to confusion, the words are
sometimes used interchangeably.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, the Tulu Lexicon defines the term
“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">muliyadige</i>” as …” the duties of
bringing the mask and other objects of worship to the place where annual kola
rituals of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bhuta</i> take place, holding
of torch and other responsibilities usually performed by the members of potter
community” . <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Tulu Lexicon, vol.6,
p.2663).<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gunaga priests<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">After the communities were formed in the society, the members of<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Mulya (</i>now equivalent of<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Kulal) </i>community <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">were </i>the<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>traditional
priests. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gunaga</i> (potters) are the
equivalents of Mulya/Kulals<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Uttara
Kannada district of Karnataka. Even today, they are performing the worship
rites in the rural temples of Uttara Kannada.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Summary<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Following the invention of wheel, the art of pot making from earthen
clays came into being in the early civilizations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. The earthen pot, a wonderful invention during the early civilization,
became the symbol of the invisible supernatural, the God.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. The holy earthen pot was referred to as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">muri, muli, kadya, kalasha, kumbha</i> etc in different regions and sub-cultures.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. The priest and the caretaker of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mūri</i>/<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mūli</i> was designated as “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mūliya</i>” ( or respectfully: “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mooliyanna”</i>). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. The priestly designation “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mūliya</i>“,
eventually, became the surname of a community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7. The ancient symbolic worship cult of “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mūri”</i>, further evolved into the art of making <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>idols or “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">murthi”</i>s.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8. Presently, the priestly two designations “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mūliya</i>“, and “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mukkāldi”, </i>are
sometimes used interchangeably due to confusions, probably because of the merger
of essential duties handled, in spite of the independent origin of the two
words.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "commercialscript bt"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">R</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-79690665587876372472019-05-03T19:48:00.000+05:302019-05-15T07:11:24.156+05:30417. Baje and allied place names<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Many of the toponyms or the place names serve as useful<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>components
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in deciphering strings of history, as
we have suggested in some of our previous posts herein. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are a number of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>villages (and hamlets) in Tulunadu that bear
the place name <span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“<b>Baja<sup>1</sup></b>”
or “<b>Baje<sup>1</sup></b>” </span>or a prefix component of similar
word. The ancient<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>word “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">baje</i>” in general represents a dry barren
or hard topped area. Related <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>modern Kannada words, such as “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">banje</i>” (=infertile) and “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">banjaru</i>” (=dry, waste land) connote the
significant meaning of the term “baje”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Further, the “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">baje</i>” word in
the commonly found: an oil-fried coastal vegetarian dish, ”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">golibaje</i>” (popularly designated as “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mangaluru bajji</i>” in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Bengaluru)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>also declares the dry,
fried status of the delicious<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>eatable. (In Kannada, it has become "<i>bajji</i>"). Besides, there is also a “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">baje</i>” a
dried medicinal root material used as a household<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ayurvedic medicine in <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>villages of Tulunadu. Similarly, "<i>bajant</i>" (or <i>bejant</i>) in Tulu is dried cow dung cake.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The scope of the meaning of the word “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">baj</i>-” can be further elucidated with the help of “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bajra</i></b>”
the ancient word form of “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vajra</i></b>” (bajra>vajra = diamond),
wherein <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">baj</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">+<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ra</b></i> stands for hardest known mineral or gem stone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">That the term “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bajra”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>means hard and strong is further vindicated by
the name “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bajrang-bali</i></b>”,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>referred
to Hanuman, the faithful servant of Rāma. The term <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bajra</i>+<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ang</i>+<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bali</i> means a powerful<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>person (“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bali</i>”)
having body (“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ang</i>”) like “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bajra</i>”(diamond).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">There
are several usages in Tulu having ”<i>baje</i>”
as a word component: For example:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajant;
bejant</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">= dry cow dung cakes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Baji;
bajee</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">= empty;waste;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajee
banji</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">=empty stomach; <i>bajee mande</i>=bald
head.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajikre;
bejikre</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">= dry leaves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajavu</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">=dry
leaves<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajil</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">= dry
rice flakes ; beaten rice; <i>avalakki<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajel=
</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(water for) quenching thirst<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Baja<sup>1</sup> or Baje<sup>1</sup> and
allied Villages<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">Let us study the following place names, carrying </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">the
prefix of </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">‘Baja’ or ‘Baje’:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Baje</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: the location of water supply dam on the
banks of River Swarna, near the Udupi town.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajape</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>the village associated with Mangaluru international airport.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajāl</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: a village located on the bank of
River Netrāvathi in the outskirts of Mangaluru city. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajagoli</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>a rocky village on the Karkal -Kudremukh road.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajathur</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: a village near Uppinangadi, close to
Mangaluru-Bengaluru <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>National Highway.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajre</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: a village near Venur, Beltangadi
Taluk, Dakshina Kannada district.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Baje<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Now, the village of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Baje</b>, near Udupi is located on the bank of River Swarna. A dam has
been built at Baje village to store water for the Udupi city agglomerate. Thus,
by present day standards, you cannot now classify this village as a dry, hard,
unfertile or barren region.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But when the
village name was coined by our ancestors probably some two thousand (or more) years
ago, the village was quite dry, barren by standards of that time. To complement
this, the geological data suggests us that the coastal rivers have migrated and
changed their position due to neo- tectonic movements during the recent
geological past.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajape<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In this village name Bajape, the prefix <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">baja-</i> has a suffix of -<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pe</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(baja+pe) attached to it. The suffix variants such <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pa</i></b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pu</i></b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pe</i></b>
represent ancient spatial units such as habitation or village.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">examples: Mudipu, Odipu>Udipi, Kudupu, Aryapu,
Didupe, Balapa, Kadapa etc).</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Bajape is a laterite plateau located to
the north of Mangaluru city and part of the village has been area adopted for
the Mangaluru international airport.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">By modern standards the Bajape village now is not
exclusively a dry or barren area, being endowed with adequate ground water
resources that are being tapped by deep open wells and bore-wells. However,
when the village was named some two millennia ago it was considered a dry
region being away from rivers and lakes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajāl<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Bajāl (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">baja+āl</i>)
village is rather dry area with hard granite outcrops, even though currently it
is located on the northern bank of Netrāvati river. The suffix <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">–al </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>denotes that the place is located close to
river or lake.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajagoli<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajagoli is an interesting place name because some
people may try to analyse the word as baja+goli, wherein the suffix term<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">goli’ </i>usually
may be confused with Goli tree (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ficus
benghalensis</i>, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ala</i> tree). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The correct analysis of the place name should be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">baja+ga+oli</i>, wherein <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ga</i> is a short suffix for village (as
commonly found in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gadaga, Binaga</i> etc
place names) and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">oli</i> also means
village. Therefore, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">goli</i> (ga+oli)
simply means village and not the banyan tree.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajathur<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The village name can be analysed as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">baja+ta+ur, </i>where<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> ta </i>means<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> of </i>or<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> related to </i>and<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> ur (oor) </i>means the village. Thus the original meaning of the word
happens to be the village of barrenness.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajre<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Bajre village can be accessed on the Siddakatte
to Venoor road in Beltangadi Taluk. <o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">In the place name Bajre (baj+re), </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">re (ar,ara, ra,re, ri) </i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">is a spatial
suffix suggestive of open field or ground (as also found in numerous place
names such as </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bolar, Kombar, Kadire, Ujire,
Hebri, Naguri</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">, etc).</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Baja: a
word of Prakrit/Munda origin</span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Since, I chose some examples from traditional Tulunadu
for the Baja/Baje village names in this <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>post,
do you get a feeling that this is an exclusive Tulu word? No,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>it is a borrowed word in Tulu!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If you check up the list of Baj/Baja/Baje/Baji -
prefixed village names in the database of Census of India 2011, you will find
that there are not less than 750 number of villages distributed mostly all over
India. (And this does not include the list of sub-village/ hamlet names). Most
of these “Baj” and “Baj+ “ village names are found in the States of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Uttar Pradesh(157), West Bengal (87), Madhya
Pradesh (65), Rajasthan (62),Uttaranchal (58), Bihar (52), Jharkhand (47),Orissa
(46),Himachal Pradesh (42), Assam(29), Punjab (28), Maharashtra(22) and so on.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Baj
villages in India<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> A few of the
interesting <i>baj</i> place names distributed
in India, along with their interpreted etymological analysis are given here
below:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Baj</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. Variants:
Bajda (<i>baj+da</i>), Bajna (<i>baj+na</i>) etc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Baja</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. Variants:
Bajha (<i>baj+[h]a</i>); Bajah (<i>baj+a[h]</i>); Bajai(<i>baj+ai</i>); Bajaili(<i>Baj+ai+li</i>)
, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajad (<i>baja+d</i>).
Variants: Bajadi (<i>baja+di</i>), Bajaddi (<i>baja+d</i>di),Bajadih(<i>baja+dih</i>) etc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajai (<i>baj+ai</i>).Variants:
Bajaihal (<i>baj+ai+hal</i>) etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajaj (<i>baj+aj</i>).
Variants: Bajaji (<i>baj+aji</i>) etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajak (<i>baj+ak</i>),
Bajakhana (<i>baja+ka+na</i>) etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajal (<i>baj+al</i>).
Variants: Bajali(<i>baj+al+i</i>) etc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajan (<i>baj+an</i>).
Variants: Bajania (<i>baja+an+ia</i>); Bajana(<i>baja+na</i>);
Bajang (<i>baja+ng</i>); Bajania (<i>baja+n+ia</i>) etc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajar (<i>baj+ar</i>).
Variants: Bajarda(<i>baj+ar+da</i>),
Bajardih(<i>baj+ar+dih</i>), Bajari (<i>baj+ari</i>) etc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajata (<i>baja+ta</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajau (<i>baj+au</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajar (<i>baj+ar</i>).
Variants: Bajara,(<i>baj+ara</i>); Bajari (<i>baj+ar+i</i>); Bajahar(<i>baja+[h]ar</i>); etc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajarda (<i>baj+ar+da</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Baje</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. Variants: Bajel( <i>baje+al</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Baji</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.
Variants: Bajida(<i>baji+da</i>), Bajidapur
(<i>baji+da+pur</i>), Bajira(<i>baji+ra</i>), Bajiya(<i>baji+ya</i>) etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajor (<i>baj+or</i>).
Variants: Bajora(<i>baj+ora</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajol (<i>Baj+ol</i>);
variants; Bajoli(<i>baj+oli</i>);<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajra (<i>baj+ra</i>);
variants: Bajre(<i>baj+re</i>),Bajrol (<i>baj+r+ol</i>), Bajrakot(<i>baj+ra+</i>kot), etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajwa (<i>baj+wa</i>)
; variants: Bajwad (<i>baj+wa+d</i>);Bajwala
(<i>baj+wa+ala</i>), Bajwar(<i>baj+wa+</i>ar); Bajwas (<i>baj+wa+as</i>) etc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajyoli (<i>baj+y+oli</i>),
Bajyora (<i>baj+y+ora</i>);Bajyura (<i>baj+y+ura</i>) etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Inferences</b></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The distribution of these Baje place names and their
antiquity suggests that the origin of this ancient word is Prakrit or Munda languages
of India. King Ashokas epitaphs were inscribed in Prakrit language (ca 300
BCE). It has been found that until three centuries of the CE, Prakrit was the common
administrative language in Deccan, including ancient Karnataka and Tulunadu. It
appears that during this period Kannada and Tulu imbibed words from Prakrit (and
Munda) languages.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Homonyms of the word ‘baje’<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Additionally, the word “baje” also has other homonyms in Indian languages, with following meanings:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">(1) <b>baje<sup>2</sup></b> (Hindi, Punjabi) = hour<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">(2) <b>bhaja</b>[+n]<sup>3</sup>= devotional sound, prayer or music.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><b>Baja caves</b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Note that there are Baja (Bhaja) caves with carvings connected with Buddhist historical prayer halls located at Maval , near Lonavala, in Maharashtra.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Phonetic
evolution: pa>ba>va<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">We have noted in passing above that ba>va phonetic evolution has taken place along the timeline. Similarly indications suggest that an apparently older variation of<i> ba</i> was <i>pa</i>. Among other similar relevant places, we also find the place name <b>P<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">ā</span>jaka</b> , near Udupi, being the birthplace of Madhvacharya.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Therefore the overall phonetic evolution in Indian subcontinent, at least, in these consonants along the historical timeline appears to be: <i>pa</i>><i>ba</i>><i>va. </i>Apart from the present example under discussion, another example that comes to mind immediately is : panga>banga>vanga.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Since the <i>ba->va-</i>
word transitions apparently are associated with renaissance of Sanskrit probably
corresponding to the period of ca. 100 BCE-500 CE, it is tempting to suggest
that <i>ba-</i> words (and <i>pa>ba</i> words ) possibly dominated
along with Prakrit languages during 1000 to 100 BCE. The pa-words could have
been the regional variants of ba words or probably were associated with an older period
of time-span. This is a rough linguistic model amenable for further refinement
with additional data inputs. (Reader comments and suggestions welcome)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Phonetic
transition: pa>ha<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">While Kannada language evolved from old (“hale”)Kannada
to new (“hosa”)Kannada words beginning with <i>pa-</i> were transformed into <i>ha-</i> words.(For
example: <i>palasu>halasu (</i>jack fruit<i>)</i>). Similar <i>pa>ha</i> changes were applied to place names
also, like <i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pejamādi>Hejamādi</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">; <i>Perur> Herur</i>; <i>Pangalūru</i> > <i>Hangalūru</i>
etc.</span>. The <i>p>h</i> transitions are also apparent
in some European languages. However, the pa>ha transitions are not evident in Tulu language. More detailed relevant studies are required into these
aspects.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "commercialscript bt"; font-size: 18.0pt;">R</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">-Ravindra
Mundkur</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hosabettu Vishwanatha</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-35215078057298171062019-03-17T09:52:00.000+05:302019-03-23T08:21:06.776+05:30416. Mogaru: villages on the river plain<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">In
several parts of Tulunadu we can find a specific place name of geographic
significance designated for villages and hamlets located on the river plains or
river banks. The toponym is <b>Mogaru</b>.
Alternately the toponym is <b>Muger</b> in
Tulu. Though both of these are Tulu words, Kannada speaking people preferentially
have adopted “Mogaru”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "nirmala ui" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "nirmala ui" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "nirmala ui" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">ಮೊಗರು</span><span style="font-family: "nirmala ui" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">) </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> into their diction. The alternate
Tulu word “Muger(u)” (</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "nirmala ui" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">ಮುಗೇರ್</span><span style="font-family: "nirmala ui" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">), </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">somehow, is missing in the mighty work Tulu Nighantu</span></span><span style="font-family: "nirmala ui" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(1997).</span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Ec3U0Ic5PYU/XJWesdUzLgI/AAAAAAAAOv4/Wf64nMIcKzcFrL77Tg_BnFFF0riw5_yPgCLcBGAs/s1600/P1020326%2Bnetravati.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Ec3U0Ic5PYU/XJWesdUzLgI/AAAAAAAAOv4/Wf64nMIcKzcFrL77Tg_BnFFF0riw5_yPgCLcBGAs/s400/P1020326%2Bnetravati.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Geography of a Mogaru (river plain): River Netravati plains viewed from Ullal, Mangaluru.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mogaru/Muger Villages<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Some of
the Mogaru villages or hamlets are enlisted below:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ajila mogaru, </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">near
Maninalkur, Bantwal Taluk, on the northern bank of R.Netravati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ambla mogaru</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">,(Ambala
Mogaru) near Konaje Mangaluru , on southern bank of R.Netravathi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Jeppina mogaru</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> Mangaluru,
on the bank of R Netravathi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kallimogaru<i>. (Location to be traced).<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kodla mogaru</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">, near
East of Manjeshwara, Kasargodu district, Kerala <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kolla mogaru, </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">near
Subramanya, Sullia Taluk on the banks of a tributary to River Kumardhara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kuduta mogaru</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">,(Kudta-mogaru)
Bajal, Mangaluru, on the northern bank of Netravathi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mogaru</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> ( Muger)
hamlet of Mundkur village, on banks of
R. Shambavi (Mulki)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mogaru</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">, near
Muthur, Mangaluru taluk; on the bank of Gurupur River<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mogralputhur</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> (Mogral Puttur)
in Kasaragod dt Kerala on Madhuvahini River East bank. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Nari mogaru</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">,(Nari
Mogaru), near Uppinangadi, Puttur Taluk, on the banks of R. Kumardhara <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Panji mogaru</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">, near Kulur,
Mangaluru on the southern bank of R.Gurupur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Etymology of Mogaru and Muger<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
toponym Mogaru can be analysed as moga+aru, wherein “<i>moga</i>” means face or literally the plain or bank facing the river.;
“<i>aru”</i> means the edge or the bank of
the river. Therefore <i>mogaru</i> means a
(river) facing plain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">There is
a related word “ara” (plain or open area) which occurs as a common suffix in
place names such as <i>avara</i> (<i>av</i>+<i>ara</i>)
as in place names: Attavara, Brahmavara, Pejavara, Neelavara, etc. The
suffix <i>aru</i> also might have been a alternate or derived form of <i>ara</i> the plain or open area. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
alternate Tulu toponym Muger can be analysed as <i>muga</i>+<i>er</i>, wherein <i>muga</i> means face (an alternate form of <i>moga</i>) and <i>er</i> means <i>eri</i> or the ridge
or slightly raised or elevated area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The two
parallel but equivalent words “Mogaru” and “Muger” could have come from two
different tribal sources of antiquity to present form of Tulu. However,
nowadays the toponym “Mogaru” is usually considered to be a Kannada word and
“Muger” as its Tulu equivalent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Etymology of Associated words<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In many
of the Mogaru/Muger toponyms cited above, we can find an associated word occurring in the beginning part of the place
name. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">“Ajila”
in Ajila mogaru refers to an ancient tribe probably that inhabited the river
plain referring to. “Ajila”, now is also a lineage surname among Jain/Bunt
families. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">“Ambala”
in Ambala Mogaru possibly refers to an temple (Ambala) that existed during the
past historical period. “Am” can also refer to a past tribe that inhabited
these areas. (These aspects can be discussed later in another post in detail)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> “Jeppina” or” jappina” in Jeppina Mogaru in
general refers to slope of the land. It can also mean fall in the level of
river or precisely a shifting of the river plain. In fact there are specific
geological evidences in this area for earlier existence of a river (Netravati) which has changed its
course further southwards (as found now) due to geological and tectonic causes in the past history. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">“Kuduta”
in Kuduta-muger represents horse gram (<i>kuḍu</i>
in Tulu; <i>huruli</i> in Kannada) which was
one of the earliest type of agricultural crops cultivated in Tulunadu as well
as in south India.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">“Kodla”
in Kodla Mogaru appears to be an alternate form of ‘Kudla’. The term ‘kudla’ is
sometimes explained as variant of “koodla” or river confluence. However, if the
location does not have a confluence of river it can have an etymology such as:
kudu+ala, wherein kudu means horse gram ( earliest grown agricultural crop in
these regios) and “ala” refers to
habitations on the bank of water bodies or rivers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">“Kolla”
in Kollamogaru relates to an ancient tribe of Kols, (a) versed in metal
smelting and /or (Kolli tribes)(b) adapted to fishing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kalli in
Kallimogaru represents an alternate form of “kallu” which means rocky or stony
land surface on the river plain. We find “kallu “ in place names like:
Kallamundkur, Kallya, etc. The Tulu word
“kalli” can have alternate explanations as we find in Tulu Noghantu such as (1)
a network bag made of the coir fibres, usually used by fisher folks for
carrying food/meals in olden days.(2)A measure of length for threads or (3) A
cactus plant. However none of these explanations suit the environs of the place
name. For example cactus being xerophyte
plant usually grows in dry lands;
however stony surfaces are usual along the coastal terrain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mogral in
Mogral Puthur is again a compound word ( Mogaru+ala) , etymology of these
words/word units has been explained
above sections.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">“Nari” in
Nari-Mogaru can be (1) a jackal or (2)
tiger. See <a href="https://tulu-research.blogspot.com/2018/10/410-homonyms-in-tulu-language.html" target="_blank">Post:410</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">“Panji”
in Panji-mogaru refers to pig or hog. Incidentally Panjurli is a reverent
Spirit deity in Tulunadu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Homonyms of Muger<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">While
analysing the “mogaru/muger” place names, one should be aware of the homonyms
of the word “Muger”. A homonym is a similar sounding term but having a
differing meaning. Tulu language has many homonyms, possibly due its prolonged
existence and contact with many tribal groups.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The known
homonyms of the term mugger(u) are as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Muger(u)<sup>1</sup></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">: Mogaru (described above)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Muger(u)<sup>2</sup>/Mugger/Muyyer/Mer(u) </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">: A rabbit;
hare<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mugger/Muggera/Muggeru/Muger(u)<sup>3</sup>: </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">refers to
(1) members of Mugera (or Mera) tribe or (2) the martyred tribal heroes Mudda
and Kalala worshipped by Muggera/Mera community. This is an different word<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Though
generally some of these alternate term are pronounced with emphasis on “g”, some regional
variants are pronounced very similar to Mugera (ie equivalent of Mogaru/Muger<sup>1</sup>).
Therefore these alternates should not be confused with Muger<sup>1</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Geographic significance<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Since the
place name Mogaru or Muger, specifically addresses an area on the river plain,
we can use it for identifying places where the ancient rivers have changed
their courses along the historical timeline. For example the Mogaru village,
near Muthur (East of Gurupur Kaikamba) cuts
across the Gurupur River. This possibly suggests shifting of the river course
since the formation of administrative boundaries of the villages about 200
years ago. Similarly we find that the Narimogru village is found away from
river bank which indicates shifting in the course of River Kumardhara in that
area. Similarly near the Kodlamogaru village
we do not find any river now as it has
been shifted. </span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The shifting of Netravati River by the side of Jeppina Mogaru, near Mangaladevi area, Mangaluru, has been discussed in earlier posts in this blog.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">village of
Mogral, near Kasargodu, Kerala, is found on the bank of Mogral/Madhuvahini River. Into this old village, the newly grown village area was added subsequently as Mogral-puthur (new village of Mograu+ala) which has grown towards Eastward and consequently
we find a large part of the village now existing away from the flank of river Mogral (or
Madhuvahini river). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Borrowed words<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">We have given only a list of Mogaru place
names existing in Tulunadu which gives an impression that Mogaru or its variant
Mugeru is an exclusive Tulu word. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In that
case, you will be surprised to know that there are about a hundred different places
in India that carry the tag of Mogar or any of its variants. How that can be
possible? The fact that there exists many such place names all over India
suggests that (1) Mogaru is a borrowed word in Tulu and (2) place names in Tulu
are not unique to Tulunadu as assumed by some but are part of the pan Indian
evolution of languages and culture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Before
Tulu took up a place of pride in Tulunadu there were other languages in these
areas, like variants of Prakrit and Munda languages. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Words along
the timeline of prolonged history have survived like
resistant coins and have been reused by later introduced languages with or
without minor changes</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> In this case it appears that Tulu has borrowed
these words from Prakrit language that prevailed in the land up to the early
centuries of the Common Era.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif";"><b>Related place names</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
Patla-kanda <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">(</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "nirmala ui" , sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">ಪಟ್ಲ ಕಂಡ).</span><br />
<a href="https://tulu-research.blogspot.com/2013/09/315-ancient-place-name-ala.html" target="_blank">Ala</a> (as spatial suffix or prefix).<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">- </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Hosabettu
Vishwanath</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ravindra Mundkur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-81271811380226937392019-03-03T19:59:00.001+05:302019-03-05T08:46:59.843+05:30415. Uma-Maheshwara at Attavara<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Temples in India have a regular traditional system of renovation usually
in a period of twelve years and this is known as </span><b style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Brahma-kalasha</b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> ceremony.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Most of the temples have thus been and are being subjected to this
classical process of renovation and updating, and as a consequence,</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">it is but natural that </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">specific evolutionary features of historical
significance embodied</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">in the ancient
temples since their initiation are likely to be modified or subdued. This issue
is further complicated by absence or lack of systematic preservation of
historical data relating to temples. Dr. Padur Gururaja Rao (19xx ) has made an
extensive study of idols installed in temples of Tulunadu and attempted to roughly
date them according to the characteristic sculptural features displayed .
However, still lot of further work is needed to be done to refine what has been
already contributed by Gururaja Bhat. One of the issues faced by researchers
appears to be is the lack of access to the idols. To assist genuine students of
history those in charge of these sacred renovation ceremonies may (1) provide
opportunities for gathering data directly and/or (2)</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">provide or publish historical information
available at their disposal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This year a number of temples in the region have undergone
Brahma-kalasha ceremonies with active participation of the devout public. The
temples of Mundkur, Palimar, Polali and Attavara (Mangaluru) have recently have
undergone the brahma-kalasha ceremonies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5C7Ygcl6Gdo/XHvkDrE43rI/AAAAAAAAOok/Z5V1FAVdhiosP6XJ_nJJVKSjNmxlFNc_QCLcBGAs/s1600/Uma%2BMaheshwara_20190217_174210.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5C7Ygcl6Gdo/XHvkDrE43rI/AAAAAAAAOok/Z5V1FAVdhiosP6XJ_nJJVKSjNmxlFNc_QCLcBGAs/s400/Uma%2BMaheshwara_20190217_174210.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Uma Maheshwara Temple (renovated)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Uma Maheshwara<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The poster advertisement put up in newspapers on the brahma-kalasha
celebration of ceremony of Uma Maheshwara temple at Attavara, Mangaluru, contained
an interesting piece of information. It reported that about 200 years ago,
while excavating for the construction of District Collectors office in
Mangaluru (near the present site of Deputy Commissioners Office) they recovered
an idol of Shiva. The idol was shifted to Attavara and was installed in a
temple dedicated to Uma-Maheshwara. It is interesting to note that the ancient coastal
village around DC office and old port/ Bunder area in Mangaluru was known as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nireshwalya</i> (ie. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Neere-Shivalaya</i></b>)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in old records. (The village name has almost
been obsolete and forgotten as people are calling the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>locality simply as “ Bundar”.) Anyway, the
piece of information suggests that the idol could be a part of the ancient
Shiva temple in the ancient<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Neere Shivalaya
village. S<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hivālaya</i> means a temple
dedicated to Lord Shiva and Neere means the water or the tidal reach between
the village and the Arabian Sea. Thus the original idol of Shiva apparently was
reinstalled at Attavara as Uma Maheshwara as per the popularity of the deity
during the time of reinstallation. Unfortunately, we do not find any temporal
analysis or allied information on the idol in Gururaja Bhat’s famous work on
Tulunadu temples. Therefore anyone who has additional information on the issue
may kindly share it in this blog.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-EIgv8Ll1tjk/XHvkT32HOnI/AAAAAAAAOoo/-MwYan19_1AYnTqOkjmyIBGZdvQJlsNpwCLcBGAs/s1600/Uma%2BMaheshwara_20190217_174823.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-EIgv8Ll1tjk/XHvkT32HOnI/AAAAAAAAOoo/-MwYan19_1AYnTqOkjmyIBGZdvQJlsNpwCLcBGAs/s400/Uma%2BMaheshwara_20190217_174823.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Uma Maheshwara Temple</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However this piece of information
may be useful for students of history as it reveals how several <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ancient idols and even temples might have been
shifted during the course of (unfortunately unrecorded) history. Similar local
information on Bappanadu temple, Mulki, suggests that original Bappanadu temple
was near the bank of Mulki port which is about 500 meters interior of the
present location of the temple.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Since most of the ancient temples have been updated every 12 years, as per
the prevalent custom of brahma - kalasha ceremonies, basically designed for
stabilization of temples apart from other issues, it is obvious that many of
the original aspects of historical significance might have been lost over the
years.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pbrC8FKXXAA/XHvkgD75wAI/AAAAAAAAOow/S6E1Ruq5u602qTpf1ONJhcOujUfWp1aSACLcBGAs/s1600/Uma%2BMaheshwara_20190217_174222.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pbrC8FKXXAA/XHvkgD75wAI/AAAAAAAAOow/S6E1Ruq5u602qTpf1ONJhcOujUfWp1aSACLcBGAs/s400/Uma%2BMaheshwara_20190217_174222.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sri Uma Maheshwara Temple Attavara, Mangaluru</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sapaliga-Ganiga community<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A note on the Sapaliga –Ganiga community that manages the temple at
Attavara, Mangaluru, evidently, since last two centuries appears pertinent
here. The interesting note apparently throws light on the tidbits of traditional
aspect on how the initial “ bari“ lineages were converted into castes or
communities and how the castes in turn were bifurcated into subdivisions <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>during the past history in our country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The temple of Uma Maheshwara at Attavara is managed by people of
Sapaliga- Ganiga community, probably since last two centuries since the idol
was brought from Nireshivalaya (near old Bunder /DC office area, Mangaluru) and
installed here.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Members of Sapaliga community are associated with temple music
activities in Tulunadu since several centuries, probably dating back to the
ancient days of Kadamba king Mayura Sharma (ca. 400 CE), who is credited with rejuvenation
of Hinduism and initiating a popular culture of temple based worship. The word “sappaliga”
means one who makes sounds (“sappala”) or the music.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Ganigas in Tulunadu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are
traditional <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oil extractors, known for
drawing oil from coconuts <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>abound in the
coastal region.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The common association of Sapaligas and Ganigas especially popular in Mangaluru
and Bantwal region suggests that members of these communities shared
professions in the historical past.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Offshoot of Mogaveera community<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">However it is interesting to note that matrimonial alliances between members
of Sapaliga and Marakala (Mogaveera) communities are commonly accepted even
today, especially in Udupi-Karkala and northern part of Mangaluru <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>regions.
Old people in the community used to report <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that during
olden days volunteers for the temple service, as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sapaligas, were drawn from the members of
Marakala/Mogaveera community during the historical period. And as a vestige of
the old custom even today matrimonial relationships continue among these
community members. It can be seen that members of these communities share
similar and common <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bari</i> lineages
which are older in historical perspective than the castes proper.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "commercialscript bt"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">R</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-2619225007487460892019-01-30T08:35:00.002+05:302019-02-01T18:30:03.128+05:30414. Tulu Koota in Pimpri-Chinchwad, Pune<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pNKoL1d6TgM/XFRBY_A780I/AAAAAAAAOg4/TctxUF0EYV0cYMpu0qxRlcgKT7awf2L5gCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG-20190201-WA0080.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pNKoL1d6TgM/XFRBY_A780I/AAAAAAAAOg4/TctxUF0EYV0cYMpu0qxRlcgKT7awf2L5gCLcBGAs/s400/IMG-20190201-WA0080.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tulu koota, 27 th January 2019,Chinchwad, Pune (Photo courtesy: Shri.Shekhar Poojary, Chitrapu)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "century gothic", sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">T</span>here is a
surge of Tulu speaking diaspora coming together and forming Tulu Koota, a
Congregation of Tuluvas, in many parts of the land. This is a new nomenclature
for ‘Tulu Chavadi’ (= Tulu Meeting Hall), which are active in some cities of
Karnataka. This enthusiastic Tuluva
Pride was enkindled by the first ‘Tulu Vishwa Sammelana-2009’ (Tulu
International Conference) held between December 10 and 13, 2009 at Ujire near
Dharmasthala in Dakshina Kannada District.
Blogs in Tulu and Kannada are proliferating, bringing out Tulu Psyche in
writings and pictures. Age-old
tradition of Divine Spirit worship (</span><i style="font-family: "century gothic", sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Bhootaaraandhane</i><span style="font-family: "century gothic", sans-serif; text-align: justify;">), temple festivals,
Yakshagana and pastimes are depicted in YouTubes. Enthusiastic participation of youth is
noteworthy. Traditionally, Tuluva
culture encompasses all class, caste and creed of Tulu Nadu, now known as
Dakshina Kannada District and Udupi District.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">Being a sort
of recluse, I rarely attend social functions, that too late night
programmes. As an exception, I attended
perforce a Tulu Koota in Chinchwad on an open invitation on 27<sup>th</sup>
January. By a very long and continuous
stay, I am a Maharashtrian by domicile.
Things change in ones life.
Circumstances in my life need my presence more in native place. That is why I used the word ‘perforce’ as I
wanted to be an audience being at Pune.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">Tulu Koota
is vibrant in Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation area for the last seven
years as a Wing of the Tulu Koota Pune City. It was arranging Sports &
Games and helping other needy persons. First
one of such Koota is attended by me. The
Annual Gathering held on 27<sup>th</sup> January at Ramakrishna More <i>Sabhagriha</i>,
Chinchwad is unique and eventful. It is
eventful because it is now working as a self-luminous mantle under the name
“Tulu Koota Pimpri-Chinchwad”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">The
honourable guests, who decorated the dais along with President Shri Harish
Shetty and other office-bearers of Tulu Koota, are: Sarvashri Santosh Shetty (President
of Bunts Sangha, Pune and guiding force behind the construction of Bunts Bhavan
along National Highway near Balevadi), Raghupati Bhat (sitting MLA of Udupi),
A. Gopala Anchan (Member of Tulu Sahitya Academy, Mangalore) and Kudhi Vasant
Shetty (Principal of Kudhi Vishnumoorthi High School and President of India
Awardee for Best Teaching at the hands of Hon. Pranav Mukherjee).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">The
highlights of the Programme are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">1.
Show of Tuluva culture at the entrance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">2.
Welcoming the Guests with much fanfare.
The procession is led by Chande-beating team (in Tuluva style) and trumpeters
(in Maharashtrian garb), followed by Kalash-holding ladies’ group and four children
in traditional Yakshagana attire.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">3.
Programme started on lighting of the lamp around 4 pm with Invocation Prayer to
Lord Ganesha, Rasa Manjari of Singing, and variety entertainments by members.
Nutan Suvarna interviewed threeShetty-housewives Jaya-Jyoti-Prema. They shared their life experience, blend with
duty and patience, with their enterprising husbands, who are also doing social
activities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">4.
Last was the performance of award-winning Tulu Nataka ‘Manni’ by Mumbai Party.It was with a theme of
motherly love. It moves around an
obscure mother of a girl baby, abandoned by her family. The baby suffers at the hands of her
grand-mother and grows with specially-abled body. The hapless mother becomes a surrogate mother
to an NRI couple and gives birth to another special baby girl due to infirmity
in donor mother. Donor mother forsakes
the child and goes back to foreign land.
Hospital doctor asks surrogate mother to take care of the child or
otherwise they would have to give the baby to Anathashram whereupon she readily
accepts to shower her motherly love to the hapless, irrespective of
safe-guarding the child with financial help by donor mother. The drama happily
ends with the hospital doctor-couple adopting the child.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">5.
Raghupati Bhat spoke about the endearing qualities of the Tuluvas and honied
Tulu Language, which attracts a Tuluva wherever he is to another Tuluva. He appreciated the Tuluva Diaspora who create
a Mini Tulu Nadu to uphold the age-old traditions. He urged the necessity of brushing shoulders
with Tulu diaspora by main-land Tuluvas.He showered all praise to the Tulu
Drama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">6.
Gopala Anchan gave a brief sketch how Tulu Sahitya Academy is striving to
popularise Tulu Lipi and teaching of Tulu in Schools and colleges. He pinpointed the divergent ways in observing
Tuluva rites an exhorted them to do a heart-searching and to eschew
glorification in worship of Daiva-Devas.
He tried to bring home the point of difference in ‘Moola Aradhana
Paddhati and <i>Andhashradde.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">7.
Vasanta Shetty spoke about originality of Tuluva faith and belief, agro-based nature-worship
and culture, family bond and worship of manes.
He spoke about confusions created by Sanskritisation of names of Divine
Spirits. He gave some examples of what
are superstitions and what are not.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">8.
The specially invited Guests Santosh Shetty and his wife Divya were honoured as
the Achievers of the year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">The
Programme ended (around 10.30 pm or so) with honouring of some other guests, Thanks
giving and Sneha Bhojan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">Tail-Piece<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Salutation to you, the Tuluva Mother! It would not be out of place if we reproduce
a Tulu Poem (Post-24/29.07.2017), published earlier in our Tulu Blog: <a href="https://poomaale.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">poomaale</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "century gothic" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><b><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಓಲಗ </span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಓಲಗ </span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ತುಳುವಪ್ಪೆಗ್</span></b></u><b><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಪೂರ್ವ ರಂಗ – ಜಯಕಾರ</span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಬಲ್ಲೆ ಓಲಗವಾಲೆ
ತುಳುವಪ್ಪೆ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(ಪಲ್ಲ)</span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಈರೆ ಜೋಕುಲೆನು ತೂಲೆ ಎಂಕೆಲೆ
ಅಪ್ಪೆ</span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಪತ್ತುದೆರ್ ತುಳುನುಡಿ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ಬಾವುಟೆ ಕೈಟ್ ಪೂತ ಮಾಲೆ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(ಅನುಪಲ್ಲ)</span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಬೊಮ್ಮನ ರಾಣಿ ಸರಸ್ವತಿ
ಕುಳ್ದೆರು<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ಸಾರ ಎಸಳುದ ತಾಮರೆಡು</span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ಆರೆಗು ಜೋಕುಲು<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ದಿಂಜ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ಎಸಳುದ ಕೊಡಿದಂಚ</span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಸಾರುವರ್ ಆರೆನ ಮೈಮೆನು
ಆಕಲಕೆನ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ಬಾಲ ಬಾಸೆಡು</span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಆ ಸಾರ ದನಿಕು ಪಣ್ಪೆರು
ಸರಸ್ವತಿ ಸೇವೆ ಸ್ವರ </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಸ್ವರ </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಕೂಡಿನಂಚ <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">|| 1 ||<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಬಲ್ಲೆ ಓಲಗವಾಲೆ
ತುಳುವಪ್ಪೆ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಈರೆ ಜೋಕುಲೆನು ತೂಲೆ ಎಂಕೆಲೆ
ಅಪ್ಪೆ</span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ದೆರ್ತು ಪತ್ತುದೆರ್
ತುಳುನುಡಿ ಬಾವುಟೆ ಕೈಟ್ ಪೂತ ಮಾಲೆ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ನಮ ನಾಡುಗು ಪಣ್ಪೆರು ತುಳು
ನಾಡು<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ಪಚ್ಚೆಪೈರುದ ಪೊರ್ಲು </span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಮಿತ್ತ್ ತುಂಗ ಸಹ್ಯ ಶೃಂಗ
ತಿರ್ತ್ ಕಡಲು ಜಲತರಂಗ </span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಬಡಕಾಯಿಡ್ ಭೃಗುಮಂಡಲ
ತೇಂಕಾಯಿ ಕಣ್ವ ಮಂಡಲ </span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಓಲಗ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;">ಓಲಗ </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಭಾರತಿ ಕುಮಾರ್ತಿಗು ತುಳುವಪ್ಪೆಗು<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">|| 2 ||<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಬಲ್ಲೆ ಓಲಗವಾಲೆ
ತುಳುವಪ್ಪೆ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಈರೆ ಜೋಕುಲೆನು ತೂಲೆ ಎಂಕೆಲೆ
ಅಪ್ಪೆ</span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ದೆರ್ತು ಪತ್ತುದೆರ್
ತುಳುನುಡಿ ಬಾವುಟೆ ಕೈಟ್ ಪೂತ ಮಾಲೆ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಸರಸ್ವತಿ ಜ್ಞಾನ
ಸರಿತ್ಸಾಗಾರ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ಆರೆ ನಂದಿನಿ ಈರು ಬಂಗಾರ </span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಕಡಕಡಲು ಸಾರ ತುದೆ ಕಡತುದು
ಬತ್ತೆರು ಎಂಕೆಲ ಹಿರಿಯಾಕುಳು</span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಈರೆ ನುಡಿ ಪತ್ತುದು
ಉಂತಿಯೆರ್ ಈ ಕೆಂಪು ಮಣ್ಣುಡು ದಿಂಜಿದುನು ಸಾರ</span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಕಾಡು ಕಡ್ತೆರು ನಾಡು
ಮಲ್ತೆರು ಬೆನ್ನಿಯೆರ್ ಒಡಿ ದಾಂತಿನಿತ್ತಿನ ಕಂಡೊಡು<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">||3||<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಬಲ್ಲೆ ಓಲಗವಾಲೆ
ತುಳುವಪ್ಪೆ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಈರೆ ಜೋಕುಲೆನು ತೂಲೆ ಎಂಕೆಲೆ
ಅಪ್ಪೆ</span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ದೆರ್ತು ಪತ್ತುದೆರ್
ತುಳುನುಡಿ ಬಾವುಟೆ ಕೈಟ್ ಪೂತ ಮಾಲೆ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಜಯತು ಜಯ ಜಯತು ಜಯ ಈರೆಗು
ಪನ್ಪ ಜಯಕಾರ </span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಈರೆ ಬಂಜಿಡ್ ಬತ್ತಿನೆಕೆಳೆನ
ನುಡಿ ನಮನ ಮಮಕಾರ </span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಜಯಜಯತು<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ಅಪ್ಪೆ ಈರೆನ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ಮಂಗಳಾಚರಣ </span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಈರೆ ಪೆರ್ಮೆನು ಪದ ಕಟ್ಟುದು
ಪಣ್ದು<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ತುತಿಪೆರ ಕೊರ್ಲೆ ಎಂಕುಲೆಗ್ ತ್ರಾಣ</span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಬಲ್ಲೆ ಓಲಗವಾಲೆ
ತುಳುವಪ್ಪೆ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಈರೆ ಜೋಕುಲೆನು ತೂಲೆ ಎಂಕೆಲೆ
ಅಪ್ಪೆ</span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ದೆರ್ತು ಪತ್ತುದೆರ್
ತುಳುನುಡಿ ಬಾವುಟೆ ಕೈಟ್ ಪೂತ ಮಾಲೆ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">||4||<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN;">--- </span><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಕರ್ತವೆ:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ಹೊಸಬೆಟ್ಟು
ವಿಶ್ವನಾಥ್ (ಪುಣೆ)</span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hosabettu Vishwanath, Pune<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-75557232920402058202019-01-07T08:33:00.000+05:302019-01-10T18:51:18.244+05:30413. Milestones in the evolution of Mulki region<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The region around Mulki has been significant historically
since ancient times. However we do not find the place Mulki in very old historical
documents! The actual position of the Western coastline has eventually changed
during the Holocene geological period due to gradual regression of the sea. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The oldest recognizable cultural core in the
region at present happens to be the land of legendary Siri, surviving in Tulu folk-lores (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Siri pāḍ’dana</i>). It is<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>located
to the East of Mulki town. The ancient home land of Siri, as documented in the
folklores, consists essentially of villages and hamlets of Bola, Sacheri(pete),
Kotrupadi and Kadandale.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It is difficult to conclude now whether Siri pāḍ’dana
was based on an actual event or a fiction. However, the essential geographic data
embodied in the pāḍ’dana, coupled with its indirect cross reference to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Satiyaputo</b> in the emperor Ashoka’s
Girnar rock edict, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>makes it a
historically momentous document.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The River <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shambavi</i>
that flows by the North side of Mulki, is connected etymologically to Udyavara,
in the North represented by the historically significant <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shambu</i>-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kallu</i> hillock. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In the modern times, Karnad Sadashiva Rao was
a prominent freedom fighter from the West Coast who brought laurels to the
place Karnad, a suburb of Mulki. Recently there has been a good article on the historical
aspects of Mulki in Kannada by Dr. Vamana S.S, entitled </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“ </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ನಮ್ಮೂರು ಮೂಲಿಕೆ (ಮೂಲ್ಕಿ)”</span>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">published in the Mumbai monthly “Mogaveera”
(September 2018).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At this juncture let
us collate and review the available historical and geological data.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">GEOGRAPHY: PRESENT AND PAST<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Presently, we do not find Mulki port town right
on the coast but slightly inland being guarded by two rivers namely Shambhavi
and Pavanje that join and debouch their fluvial contents into the Arabian Sea
near Sasihitlu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two barrier spits
extend from the sandy coastal banks of R. Shambhavi (Mulki River) and R. Pavanje
(Nandini), in opposite directions, parallel to the beach-line that terminate
near the estuary of Sasihitlu. (<o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">Earlier in this blog a post (</span><a href="https://tulu-research.blogspot.com/2012/10/305-mulki-emerged-land.html" style="font-family: cambria, serif;" target="_blank">Post 305</a><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">) was written on Mulki the emergent land.)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The geomorphology of the West Coast has evolved
with time. In the past the features were much different!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Before a few centuries, the rivers Shambhavi
and Pavanje were joining the Arabian Sea independently like other coastal
rivers at that time. Then, Shambhavi river had a direct access to the Sea and the of old Mulki port was located close to the sea mouth or the estuary. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Further with passage of time, as the sea receded westward, the position
of the old sea port of Bappanadu, Mulki, remained inland. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fmrdWNDszK8/XDK-7kLuKdI/AAAAAAAAOaQ/9GH0kmgLGHkYLg6YAfsW1jyDplFLvAf1ACLcBGAs/s1600/Mulki%2Bregion01%2B2019.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1035" data-original-width="1600" height="257" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fmrdWNDszK8/XDK-7kLuKdI/AAAAAAAAOaQ/9GH0kmgLGHkYLg6YAfsW1jyDplFLvAf1ACLcBGAs/s400/Mulki%2Bregion01%2B2019.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Current geography of the region around Mulki, with ancient Siri homeland located to the East (click to enlarge).</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">There are a few evidences preserved in the
local place names corroborating <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the geographic changes in the flow channels of
the Shambhavi/Mulki River during the past history. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A note on the
place name ‘Olalanke’ is pertinent here:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Olalanke</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">: The ancient place name <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ola-lanke</i>
is an interesting geographic toponym, as it suggests (1) the presence of an
island within the river Shambhavi. (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ola</i>
=inner, inside river; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lanke</i>=island)
in the past and (2)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>shifting of the old
river course such that the old river island was transformed into a land area.
In other words, the locality Olalanke originally represented a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kuduru</i> or an island within the river.
Due to subsequent changes in river geomorphology such as migration of river
flow path, it became part of the mainland, as it exists now. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(However, there
are a few legendary anecdotes in the area attempting to connect the place name
‘Olalanke’ with the renowned “Lanke” of Ramayana.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Westward emergence of coastal land concurrent with regression of sea<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The sea coast has
gradually receded during the past, revealing the land of Mulki around 2<sup>nd</sup>
to 3<sup>rd</sup> century CE. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">In fact, similar</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">recession of the Arabian Sea occurred all
along the West coast and consequently, the original sea front locations of the
ancient ports became inland with regression of the Sea.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">Thus presently we find the ancient ports of
not only Mulki but also Basrur, Barkur, Udyavar</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">and Alape (Mangaluru East) in inland locations (For corroborative
documentary evidences,</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">on
spatio-temporal changes in Gurpur river, read our </span><a href="https://tulu-research.blogspot.com/2008/02/98-changes-in-gurupur-river-mouth-1887.html" style="font-family: cambria, serif;" target="_blank">Post<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>98</a><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The regression of the West Coast was a
gradual and continuous event and if travel backwards in the history,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>we find that whole Mulki and the region East
of it was under the Sea.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
retrospection, if we go back further in time some 2500 years or more, we find
that then the Sea coast existed somewhere near <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sacheripete</i>
(Mundkuru) and Bola ! That is to reiterate that then all the land now to the West of
Sacheripete/Bola were covered under the Sea. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In <span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Siri </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">pāḍ’dana</span>,
there </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">is glaring absence of present
coastal place names such as Mangaluru, Mulki, Malpe, Udupi and Kundapura etc. Since these land parts were recovered from the sea as a result of marine regression, the absence of current coastal places in the folk lore corroborates the event of marine
retreat of the Arabian Sea. The regression of the
sea is also documented in the legend of creation and retrieval of land from the
Sea, popularly attributed to legends of Parashurama.(<a href="https://tulu-research.blogspot.com/2008/03/102-legends-of-parashurama.html" target="_blank">Post. 102</a>)</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">About 2500
years ago: Satiyaputo/Satyanapura<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In fact the places, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sacheripete</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bola</i>,
were the places of center of action described as “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Satyanapura</i>” in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Siri pāḍ’dana</i> which appears to date back to some 2000 years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ashoka’s
rock edict</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The rock edict of Girnar, attributed to King
Ashoka (<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> ca 304-232 </span>BCE) mentioned “Satiyaputo” along with other (neighboring) ancient South Indian States
like Chola, Pandya, and Keralaputo.</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">The rock edict declares that i</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">n these regions ( implying that even though not included in his kingdom), </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">King</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">Ashoka provided the people with or arranged
for necessary medicinal herbs, roots and edible fruits
along with providing facility of drinking water wells as popular welfare measures</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "cambria" , serif;">. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">The
region mentioned as Satiyaputo in the rock edict has been considered to
represent the ancient Tulunadu by several historians. (Budhananda Shivalli,
1982).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ancient land of Siri - East of Mulki</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A perspective analysis of the places associated with <span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Siri </span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">pāḍ’dana</i> (as shown in the map) suggests that </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“Sacheri (-pete)” happens to be
the modern equivalent place cited as “Satiyaputo”. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It appears that
the Satyanapura was on the sea coast some two millennia ago. In other words, d</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">uring the period
of Satyanapura and </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">Siri </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pāḍ’dana</i>, there was no Mulki and the relevant land was
under the sea!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">Some of the relevant inferences in this regard are enlisted here below:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; text-align: justify;">1. In the folk lore of Siri we find the name of </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-align: justify;">Satyanapura</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; text-align: justify;"> near Bola, as the
home of legendary brave woman Siri, popularly known as Tulunada </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-align: justify;">Siri</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; text-align: justify;">.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; text-align: justify;">The homeland of Siri and her father Birumalva was ‘Satyanapura’ in Bola village according to </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; text-align: justify;"><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">pāḍ’dana</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; text-align: justify;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; text-align: justify;">2. T</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; text-align: justify;">he </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-align: justify;">Satyanapura</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; text-align: justify;"> described in </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-align: justify;">Siri <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pāḍ’dana</i> </i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; text-align: justify;">can be matched with the </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; text-align: justify;"> Prakrit equivalent term of </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-align: justify;">Satiyaputo </i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; text-align: justify;">cited in the </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; text-align: justify;">King Ashoka's rock edict. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; text-align: justify;"> The reference to Satiyaputo in the rock edict suggests that the region was well known by the time of Ashoka.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">3. Presently,
there is no place specifically known as ‘Satyanapura’ or ‘Satiyaputo’ in the West coast of India. However, south of Bola village and West of Kadandale
village (both villages mentioned clearly in </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">Siri </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">pāḍ’dana</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">) there is a hamlet known as "Sacheripete".</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"></span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">The alternate Prakrit/Pali
word ‘</span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">sach</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">’(=truth)</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">in Sacheri (</span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">sach</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">+</span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">yeri</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">= mound of truth)
corresponds to “</span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">satya</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">” (=truth)</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">and “</span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">satiya</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">”
(=truth)</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">of </span><i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">Siri </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">pāḍ’dana</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"> and King
Ashoka edict respectively. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">In fact, the ‘</span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">satya</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">’
(or ‘</span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">satyolu</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">’, plural) is the usual term
used in Tulunadu since antiquity to refer to the eternal aspect of the divine
spirits.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Thus the hamlet presently known as Sacheri-pete (now within Mundkur village) near Bola village holds key to the mystery of the elusive Satiyaputo.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4. In case
the,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Satiyaputo in Ashoka's edict refers
to the Satyanapura of <span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Siri </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">pāḍ’dana</span>, then it takes the date of Siri </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">pāḍ’dana</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> to an older period in the time frame of 250-100 BCE.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5. <span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Siri </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">pāḍ’dana</span> mentions only one God or divinity known as “Bermer”, which was the ancient form
of worship that existed in several parts of ancient India, rudiments of which still prevail
in Tulunadu. (There is a reference to the dilapidated shrine of Bermer, on which,
Birumalva ,Siri’s father, focuses his attention to repair it.)<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6. In <span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Siri </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">pāḍ’dana</span>, we find reference to only those places lying around and to the East of Bola-Sacheri-Kadandale. Basrur port
in the North is mentioned (as Siri’s husbands place) but the current well known coastal towns
such as Mangaluru, Mulki, Udupi, Udyavara, Kundapura etc are not found.
Note that Karla (Karkal) town located to the NE of Bola finds mention as a major town where
one could buy wedding saris !<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">7. Based on the
presence of abundant Prakrit derived words in Tulu and Kannada it has been<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>suggested
that the Prakrit was the administrative language during early part of the
common Era.(Shettar, 2014). Thus it is possible that the original version of the
Siri epic could have been composed in Prakrit and later translated into Tulu <i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">pāḍ’dana</i> (folklore) form.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8. The epic
qualities of the Siri </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">pāḍ’dana</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> resemble Sangam
literature of Tamil. Thus the folk lore appears to have been inspired from the Sangam
literature and we may recognize it as a product of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Tulu Sangam” literature that ran parallel to Tamil Sangam.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The glaring absence of present coastal place
names such as Mangaluru, Mulki, Malpe, Udupi and Kundapura etc in the <span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Siri </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">pāḍ’dana</span> further corroborates an major event of marine regression. It is also corroborated in the popular legend of creation of land retrieval of
land from the Sea attributed to sage Parashurama is a real and natural
geological event !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Early
centuries of Common Era:<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Siri alaḍe <o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">Many of the Tulu </span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">moolastāna</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">s that represent the original settlements (or ancient tribal settlements of primary order) of the immigrant Tulu tribes, have been attached or equated to </span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">alaḍe</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">s. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Since most of the narrations in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Siri pāḍ’dana</i> are realistic social events,
we may assume that the epic was based on a natural incident. Following the
popularization of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Siri pāḍ’dana</i>,
a number of “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alaḍe</i>” (ancient centers
of worship) were developed around the Siri land centered on Bola village. (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alaḍe</i>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">āla</i> = water <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ḍe</i> =place;
or, holy place beside water body). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Usually these Siri </span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">Alaḍe </i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">are referred to as </span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">Adi </i><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">Alaḍes </i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">suggesting their historical antiquity</span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">.</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"> Thus </span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">Siri
alaḍe </i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">were established in villages around Bola such as Kavatar, Nandalike, Hiriadka, Pangala, Kandevu (Chellair) and <a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/category/Religious-Organization/Shri-Lokantheshwara-Siri-Temple-Lokanadu-222072668369175/" target="_blank">Nidigal</a> (Kanyadi).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">Two of these places - Nandalike (Karkal Taluk) and Kavatar (Mangaluru Taluk) are close to the original Siri homeland, where as Pangala ( near Udyavara, Udupi Taluk) and Kandevu (Chellairu near Surathkal, Mangaluru Taluk) are proximal to the coast. Hiriadka must have been an ancient center of traditional worship in those times. Only Nidigal (Kanyadi village, near Dharmastala, Beltangadi Taluk) on the banks of River Netravati is a relatively far off place from the Siri homeland. Notably there are no popular Siri shrines in Kundapura/Basrur region which was Siris first husband's place according to the </span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">pāḍ’dana. (Please correct me if any reader has more information on this aspect).</i><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FfIkDknEbIo/XDVmrwj_AWI/AAAAAAAAOa8/KYesxkOt_PIPQGMvoT3nw4tJSHxV66gfwCLcBGAs/s1600/Siri%2BAlade6%2BbR.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="997" data-original-width="1600" height="248" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FfIkDknEbIo/XDVmrwj_AWI/AAAAAAAAOa8/KYesxkOt_PIPQGMvoT3nw4tJSHxV66gfwCLcBGAs/s400/Siri%2BAlade6%2BbR.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Location of Siri Alades in Dakshina Kannada & Udupi districts, Karnataka (Click to enlarge)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">The</span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;"> Siri alade </i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">are characterized by a different pattern of worship compared to other Spirit
worships. Besides impersonation of characters in </span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">Siri pāḍ’dana</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"> such as Siri and Kumara, the festive congregation
also witnesses convulsions of mass effects of possession and or trance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Birumalva:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Siri pāḍ’dana </i>the name of the Siri’s
father is given as Birumalva. Note that the term “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Biruma</i>” represents alternate form of the word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Berma</i> or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bermer</i>. The
basic doubt historians may get is whether <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Birumalva
was an Alupa chieftain or connected to the Alupa dynasty of rulers</i>?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We have no corroboratory data on this as
there are no mention of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>places like
Alupe or Mangaluru or any hints on Alupa rulers in the available texts of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Siri pāḍ’dana. </i>It could be that the suffix<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Aluva </i>in Birumalva’s name possibly refers merely to his status as a member of a past ruling family and may have been added by the </span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">pāḍ’dana </i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">reciters later on.</span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;"> </i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">It may or may
not have any connection with the Alupa ruling families.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">However, the setting of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Siri pāḍ’dana </i>clearly evinces that
Satyanapura as well as the shrine of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bermer
gunḍa </i>were in dilapidated form when the original narration of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Siri pāḍ’dana</i> was going on<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">,</i> and thus,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>indirectly suggesting that once upon a time<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>these were in good shape<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">This setting further prompts us to infer that there were past days of
glory of Satyanapura (or Satiyaputo) before the <i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">Siri pāḍ’dana </i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">event</span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">.</i> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The earlier period of glory probably prompted King Ashoka to include reference to Satiyaputo
in his rock edict. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It is possible that after the period of installation of the
cited rock edicts (ca. 250 BCE), Satiyaputo/Satyanapura saw bad days and then
the main events of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Siri pāḍ’dana </i>occurred.
This inference would place the date of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Siri
pāḍ’dana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>events<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>somewhere between 250 BCE and 100 CE.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Alupa rule
at Udyavara<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Members of Alupa family (of chieftains) ruled
major parts of Tulunadu and parts of Malenadu (Humcha, Banavasi) for some 1000
years, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>probably between the years ca.400
and 1400 CE. However, established inscriptional evidence of their reign begins
around 650 CE, when Aluvarasa I was associated with Kadambas at Banavasi (Gururaja
Bhat, 1975). Banavasi is located in Uttara Kannada district.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It has
been considered that </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Alupas migrated from Alupe / Mangalapura to Udyavara early 7 th century.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> There are known inscriptions relating to
Alupa rulers in Udyavara have been dated to ca. 730 CE and later up to about 10<sup>th</sup>
century CE. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">So far there have been no inscriptions related
to Alupas at Mulki or East of Mulki. However, a historical word clue on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shambu</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shambhavi</i> possibly unites the area of Mulki with Udyavara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Alupa period: Shambu and Shāmbhavi: </span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">River Mulki is
traditionally known as </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Shāmbhavi</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">, a
name of the mother goddess, which is the feminine form of </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Shambhu</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">. Note the suffix </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">–avi</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">
(=mother) in the word </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Shāmbhavi</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">.
River Shambhavi originates near </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Alladakyār</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">
in Karkal Taluk. Two tributaries, namely </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Goldendi</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">
stream from Irvattur and </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Renjala</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">
stream from Renjala,</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">join to form the
initial source of </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">River Shāmbhavi</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The name <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shambhu</i> representing Lord Shiva, though
relatively less common in usage we find it applied to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a dome shaped granite rock, hosting an
ancient (8<sup>th</sup> century CE temple dedicated to Shiva)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>named as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shambhu-kallu</i>
in Udyavara, located about 20 km to the north of Mulki. This provides clues to
infer that Mulki to Udyavara was a contiguous political-administrative unit
during the early history of the terrain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bappanadu Durga Parameshwari Temple</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">: </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Legends and lore abound in the region describe
that one day during the undated early history<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ship of a Muslim merchant by name Bappa was stranded near the Mulki port
due to inclement weather. Locals advised him to pray to the Goddess of the
region for relieving the stranded boat. Accordingly, after due prayers and
physical help from the natives, the merchant Bappa was able to retrieve the
stranded boat and its merchandise successfully. It is said that merchant Bappa
arranged for the construction of a temple dedicated to the Goddess Durga
Parameshwari near the port. In honor of the merchant <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bappa</i>, the locality was named as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bappanādu</i>, which popular place-name is prevailing even today. Based
on the history of other Durga temples in the West Coast, the original Durga
temple of Bappanadu can be dated between 8<sup>th</sup> and 10<sup>th</sup>
centuries CE.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The local people describe
that the original Durga temple was near the old Mulki port before it was
shifted to its current position on account of the dilapidation of the ancient
structure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Vestiges of Buddhism</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Similarly, vestiges of evidences of Buddhism in the region, such as
involvement of the members of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://tulu-research.blogspot.com/2013/04/312-thiyya-belchada-community-conspectus.html" target="_blank">Thiyya/Belchada</a>
community in the traditional temple car festival celebrations even now, suggest
that the temple was originally<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>an
ancient shrine of Bhagavati worship<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>which was transformed into Durga temple under the profound influence of
revivalist sage Shankaracharya (788-820 CE) probably during the early part of 9<sup>th</sup>
century CE. Before recent renovation of the Bappanadu temple, there were wheel
symbols in the front stone facade of the old temple. Such symbolic wheel
designs are commonly associated with Buddhism in the temple architecture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Administrative
structure: </span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">Dr Vaman
(2018) begins with introductory notes on earlier pattern of administration
vogue in ancient Tulunadu. Earlier, typically the States in Tulunadu were the
principal administrative divisions,
with each State made of ten “<i>m</i></span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"><i>ā</i></span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"><i>gaNe</i>”</span>
<span style="font-size: 9pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">ಮಾಗಣೆ).</span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">Each</span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">“<i>m</i></span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"><i>ā</i></span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"><i>gaNe</i>” traditionally consisted of
four to five contiguous villages. Each village had four </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"> leaders known as “</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">Gurikars”</span> <span style="font-size: 9pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">ಗುರಿಕಾರ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The village level administrative
structure altered after the Jain chieftains took over. A Jain Ballāl or Heggaḍe
was appointed as the administrative head of each māgane. Further, each village
had two ‘<i>bhāva</i>’, one ‘<i>bālike</i>’ and a ‘<i>parāri</i>’. In this case, the old Mulki State
consisted of nine <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">māgane</i>s.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Samantha chieftains, 15-16<sup>th</sup> century </span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">Rulers of Samantha
dynastic family occupied Mulki town during</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">circa 16</span><sup style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">th</sup><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"> century. Before adopting Mulki they were residing
and ruling from</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">Shimanthur village,
located to the East of Mulki. The Kotekeri (</span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">koţe</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">=fort;
</span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">keri</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">= residential zone) area in
Eastern Mulki contains relics of the fort built by Samantha rulers of Mulki.
Chandranatha basadi and Hanuman temple located in the area are also attributed
to the Samantha rulers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Samantha
chieftains defended Mulki<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from the
Portuguese and the Keladi invaders within their means. Keladi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Venkatappa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Nayaka seized the fort from the Samantha chieftains. Later Haider Ali
and Tippu Sultan have occupied the fort from Keladi Nayaks. Subsequently, the
Samantha chieftains shifted their base to Panambur located to the South of
Mulki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mulki Port: </span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It is interesting to note that the old sea port of Mulki is situated
about a km East of the coastline near <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kadavina-bāgilu</i>
(“ferry gate”) and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mānampadi, </i>on the
southern bank of River Shāmbhavi. The old Mulki port, built around the year
1705 CE, was used in the past for international marine trade involving Arabs,
Dutch and Portuguese merchants. However, the old Mulki port existed several
centuries before the arrival of Portuguese, and then the port was at the earlier
estuary of River Shambhavi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">During the
post-Vijayanagar phase, early 18<sup>th</sup> Century CE, the Portuguese
collected tax on the merchandise in the port under permission from the Keladi
rulers of the period. During the period larger ships could not enter the Mulki
port on the banks of Shāmbhavi, hence the ships used to anchor in the Arabian
Sea west of Mulki and the merchandise was transported inland to the port by
boats with the help of native Mogaveera workers.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">The Portuguese by virtue of constructing the port dock, in early 18th century CE, collected taxes on the merchandise, with permission from the Keladi rulers of the time. </span></span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">Though the
available record mentions the construction of the Mulki port on 1705, other
circumstantial </span><a href="https://tulu-research.blogspot.com/2008/03/104-formation-of-barrier-spits.html" style="font-family: cambria, serif;" target="_blank">evidences</a><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"> suggest that the port existed there before the Keladi
/Portuguese period. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ORIGIN OF THE PLACE NAME : MULKI<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Herbs.. or new land ?</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> : </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Dr. Vaman, suggests that the place name “Mulki” was derived from: “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">moolike</i>” (=herb); it was also known as “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">moolikapura</i>” which on translation means
the town of herbs. People believe that the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Moolikapura</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>later became<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Moolike</b> </i>and further later on<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>Mulki<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. </i>Several other earlier authors have also expressed similar
interpretation on the origin of this place name.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Emergent land</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">However, we can trace the real origin of the place name to a Prakrit
/Munda word “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mulk</i> “ (or > “mulki”),
which simply means the land or more specifically connotes to the new land
emerged from the Sea, possibly during the early centuries of the common era.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Prakrit/Munda was
the administrative language of this coastal land during the early centuries of
Common Era (CE) (see also Shettar, 2014) , as is explicitly evident in the presence of numerous
place names of Prakrit/Munda origin in Tulunadu (as also in other parts of
India). Thus, the place name <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mulki</i>
can be traced to the beginning centuries of the CE when the new land emerged by the
regression of the Arabian Sea.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mulki=
land; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>derived from “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mulk</i>”,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a Prakrit/ Munḍa
word.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Indirectly, the
place name Mulki suggests that Prakrit/Munda were the common administrative
languages in the region when the land of Mulki was emerged from the
Arabian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sea in the early centuries of
CE.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"> Incidentally, the Tulu word </span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">muluku (muruku; murunku)</i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;"> (=to sink or submerge) also sounds close to the Prakrit word </span><i style="font-family: cambria, serif;">mulk, </i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif;">as suggested by Hosabettu Vishwanath.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Prakrit/ Munda
words in Tulu, Tulunadu<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">There are a plethora of ancient words in Tulu
language as well as in place names Tulunadu. Several years ago we pointed out
strange sounding place name words in Tulunadu, whose meanings are either not
known or wrongly interpreted because of confusion! With further analysis and
interpretations we found most of these strange words in Tulu are of Prakrit /
Munḍa origin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Note that
even today we commonly use the Prakrit word “barsa” </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">ಬರ್ಸ)</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> for rain;
we have almost forgotten the original Dravida/Tulu word for rain: “mare” </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">ಮರೆ)</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> - </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">incidentally</span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif";">, </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">which</span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">later became “male” </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">ಮಳೆ</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> )</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> in Kannada.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also note that the Dravida/Tulu word ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mare</i>’ </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">ಮರೆ)</span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">still</span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">survives in
the Tulu word ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mariyala</i>’ </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">ಮರಿಯಾಲ)</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> for the
rainy season!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Saraswath settlers<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">During the ruling
period of Samantha Dugganna, (17<sup>th</sup> Century CE) witnessed the exodus
of many members of Saraswaths and Gowda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saraswaths communities from Goa towards South, owing to persecution of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hindus
by Portuguese occupants of Goa. Many of the immigrants settled in and around
Mulki and Karnad. The installation of Ishvara temple at Kotekeri and Venkataramana temple at
Olalanke are attributed to the Saraswath and Gowda Saraswath settlers in Mulki.
<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">REFERENCES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Budhananda Shivalli (1982). “Tulu Patero”.
(in Tulu language).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mandira Prakashana,
Mangaluru-575001, 2004, p.317.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gururaja Bhat, P.( 19 75 ) Studies in Tuluva
culture and history. P. Reprint 2014. Padur Gurauraja Bhat memorial trust, Udupi-576101.p.452+plates
448+xxxvii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Shettar,S (2014) Halegannda: Lipi,
lipikara, lipi vyvasaya, p.528. Abhinava, Bengaluru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Vamana, S.S, Dr.(2018) “Nammuru
Moolike(Mulki). </span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif";">”ನಮ್ಮೂರು ಮೂಲಿಕೆ
(ಮೂಲ್ಕಿ)” </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(In Kannada), Mogaveera, Kannada
monthly, Andheri (East), Mumbai, September 2018, vol 79, no.3, pp.44-47.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "commercialscript bt"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">R</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-59426263068216221892018-12-30T09:46:00.004+05:302018-12-30T09:46:57.618+05:30412. A look at morphemes ma, mi, mu, mo, etc<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In grammar, we know that
‘the smallest linguistic unit within a word that carry a meaning is known as a morpheme”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We have discussed some morphemes in general and
specifically some others in our earlier Posts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Water (Neeru</span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> =</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN;">ನೀರು) </span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">is </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">held sacred in all
religions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We have discussed it in our latest
Post</span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">-373: On </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">the trail of morpheme ‘Nu/ Noo’. It has also touched upon related words Ne/
Danu/ Da/ Dar, etc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We are now seized of
the opportunity to say more about morphemes which relate to water.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are Mi or Mee, Mu, Mo, Mar, Mer and so
on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These heritage words are found in
world languages, reminding one that they are originated from the same primary source,
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that is a proto language.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">‘Ma’ means water
as we get from Sage ‘Manu’, the writer of famous <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Manu smriti</i> (Laws of Manu).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>What Manu is to Indians, Noah is to Westerners.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are the Boatmen who rescued humanity
from extinction from the Great Deluge (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Maha
Jala Pralaya</i>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We have collected
some word-units, which has come to our notice in languages, including
Tulu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This would bring home the point,
we are discussing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ma+yim (Hebrew) =
Water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Med+ini
(Sanskrit) = The Earth (which came out of water).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>Medini in legends</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">According to the
legends, there was water everywhere after the Great Diluvial period.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lord Vishnu was resting on a (big) Lotus Leaf
in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yoga</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nidra</i> (= Yogik sleep, a state of consciousness between waking and
sleeping) in the Ocean.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Madu and
Kaitabha originated from the ears of Vishnu during his sleep.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They frightened Lord Brahma, the creator, who
was sitting on a lotus sprouted from the navel of Vishnu and was thinking about
the creation of Cosmos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The frightened
Brahma invoked the primordial Goddess Devi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Vishnu, who woke up from the disturbances created by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Danavas</i>, killed both the Danavas,
lifting them up above the water and placing them on his thighs in sitting
posture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He sliced the two bodies six
times and hence twelve pieces (two heads, two torsos, four arms, and four
legs).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, the Earth was considered to
be created from their dead bodies and these twelve pieces represent the twelve
seismic plates of earth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The earth is
called as ‘Medini’. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In another version, Kaitabha was slained by
Devi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Vishnu is called as Madusudana (Killer
of Madu) and Devi as Kaitabhi (Killer of Kaitabh).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This scene is enacted in Tulu Nadu’s folk-art
of singing, dancing and drama, known as Yakshagana Bayalata (= Field Drama) in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Devi Mahatme</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mu+dar (Tulu) =
Alluvial soil, deposited during floods in the fields.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This soft soil is very fertile. Mudar mannu
is very much in need by potters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mu+dar Muttu
(Tulu and ‘t’ is pronounced as in butt) = First menstrual flow.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mudale (Tulu) and
Makara (Sans.) = Crocodile, which habitats in fresh water, such as rivers,
lakes, wetlands and in brackish water and salt water.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘Mosale Kanniru’ (meaning crocodile tears) is
a famous allegory for hypocritical tears.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(Scientifically, these are salt water, shed by crocodile to get rid of
the excess salt in its body.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mir = A lake (as
in Kashmir ; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lake of Kashyapa Rishi).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mosaru = Curd (a
watery substance derived from milk)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Meenu = Fish (a
vertebrate living in water).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mār (Tulu) = A cultivable
land (as in Bākimār (= farming field in front of a house), Palimār (= a large
rice field).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Eeme (Tulu)/Aame
(Kannada)/Koorma (Sans.) = Tortoise (a four-legged reptile enclosed in a horny
shell).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A family-friend
of Vishwanath forwarded a song in English, sung by Mohamed Rafi, the music maestro
of Hindi/Urdu Songs in Bollywood. This is the only English song sung by him at
the United Nations Organization in 1970.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Readers may hear this in YouTube.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The thematic line (= Pallavi*) of this song runs as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“Although we hail from different lands <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">we share one earth, sky and sun. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Remember friends, world is one”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We feel, it is
not out of place if we repeat what is said in Encyclopedia Britannica:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“……all existing
human speech is one in the essential characteristics which we have thus far
noted or shall hereafter have to consider, even as humanity is one in its
distinction from lower animals – the differences are in non-essentials”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hosabettu
Vishwanath, Pune<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 107%;">[Note<b>: * </b></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pallavi is a thematic line or musical tune of a song.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is a cycle and repeated after each stanza
of a poem.]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Suggested Reading<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1. Post-362/29.08.2016
– Morphemes in Tulu Place Names, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2. Post-373/21.12.2016:
On the Trail of morpheme ‘Nu/Noo’ and all other Posts on Tulu Place Names.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Noah & Human Etymology - by Bengst Saga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-59783237645334647662018-11-26T15:42:00.000+05:302018-11-29T12:22:10.792+05:30411. Jāl (ಜಾಲ್) : as a place-name element<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; line-height: 107%;">The detailed and
comprehensive <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>study of names in all aspects (“Onomastics”)
as well as its branch, the general study</span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> of place names (“Topomastics”) has interesting
outcomes, often <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>littered with unintended confusions. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; line-height: 107%;">There
are several villages ending with suffix of jāl (</span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಜಾಲ್) </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; line-height: 107%;">(or related sounds)</span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; line-height: 107%;">in Tulu/Kannada areas of the West coast, like
Kaipunjal, Heranj<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">ā</span>l, Kodij<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">ā</span>l, Renj<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">ā</span>la, Kurinj<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">ā</span>l, Kodinj<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">ā</span>l, Neerch<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">ā</span>l,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; line-height: 107%;">We shall analyse a couple of place names exemplified in Tulu Nighantu
under the term Jāl.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Jāl(u) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">ಜಾಲ್)</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Jāl’ (or ‘Jālu)’ in Tulu language means a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>levelled , usually large and enclosed, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ground in front of a house. In other words it
is a courtyard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Women-folk of the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>house
always keep it spec and clean.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">‘Jāl’ is ideal place for thrashing harvested paddy and
for drying boiled paddy also before pounding to get rice grains.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One must have heard the proverb which is in
vogue in Tulu Nadu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="KN" style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN;">ಅಪ್ಪೆ ಎಡ್ಡೆ ಆಂಡ
ಬಾಲೆ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ಎಡ್ಡೆ</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN;">,<span lang="KN"> ಜಾಲ್ ಎಡ್ಡೆ ಆಂಡ ಅರಿ ಎಡ್ಡೆ. </span></span></i><i><span lang="KN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(English transcription: Appe eḍḍe aanda bāle eḍḍe; jālu eḍḍe ānḍa ari eḍḍe).
<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Proverb
tells: “If mother is good (in character), the child also grows up as a good one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Likewise, if courtyard of the house is kept
clean, rice (produced by de-husking the paddy in the courtyard) is also good
and clean (free of stones and pebbles).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kaipunjāl <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Herenjāl<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">We come across one of the entries for ‘Jaal’ in the
Tulu Lexicon (Page 1318) wherein it states that ‘jāl’ is used as an element in place-names,
such as Kaipunjāl (near Kaup) (</span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಕೈಪುಂಜಾಲ್)</span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> and Herenjaal (</span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 107%;">ಹೆರಂಜಾಲ್</span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">) (near Byndoor).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Analysis : </span></b><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">When we dissect these two place names, which are
invariably compound words, we get:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kai + punja +
āl</span></i></b><b><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">,</span></b><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>where <i>kai</i> means a tributary or a stream; <i>punj</i>a
means a rocky area, and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>āl </i>means
watery place<sup>1</sup>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kaipunjāl is a sub-village of Uliyāragoli of former Kaup
Māgane.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kaup (Kapu) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is now elevated as a Taluk of Udupi District. </span>These
streams and water bodies on rocky plains feed Udyavara River as a
tributary.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These tributary gets swollen
during high tides and rainy season.<br />
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Alternatively, if we split the word as ‘<i>kaipun+j</i><b style="font-style: italic;"><span style="line-height: 17.12px;">ā</span></b><i>l</i>’,
the main element ‘kaipun’? becomes meaningless. Therefore we can infer that the spatial
suffix in <i>Kaipunjal</i> is not <i>jāl</i> but only <i>āl.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2. Here </span></i></b><i><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(= big<b>)+ inja </b>(= area)<b> + āl</b>
(=water-body).</span></i><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Or<b>, </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b> </b>it could have been<b> </b></span><b>Heren</b>+<b>jāl
: </b>where ‘<i>heren’</i> stands for old Kannada/ Kundapura Kannada form of bigger
or larger and <i>jāl</i> for courtyard.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">We can find such derivatives of related ‘enja/inja word elements in several other place names.
Eg.‘anje’ as in Bannanje and Innanje;‘inje’ in Elinje, and ‘inja’ in Karinja,
Panja and so on.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>Other -<i>Jal</i> places</b></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b><i>Ranjal</i></b>= Ranja+al. Ranja/Renja is a fragrant flowering tree. Often known as Spanish berry tree in English or Bakula tree in Sanskrit poetic works. -<i>Al</i> represents a settlement near a water body.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b><i>Kurinjāl</i></b> =Kurinja+al. <i>Kurinja</i> or <i>Kurunji</i> is a blue colored mountain flower, famous for blooming once in twelve years. (<i>kuru</i>=mountain; <i>kurunji</i>= the flower on mountain).</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b><i>Kodinjāl</i> = </b><i>kodi(n)+j</i>ā<i>l. Kodi=corner; j</i>ā<i>l=courtyard. </i>The<i> Kodinjal </i> appearing in Tulu PaDdanas is<i> </i>also called<i> Kodaje.</i></span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Summing up<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">There are distinct place names with suffix of <i>jāl </i>in
Tulu toponyms <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>such as <b><i>Kodijāl</i></b>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>but some of the places having ending <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sounds of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b><i>jāl</i> </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>like <b><i>Kaipunjal</i></b>, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>might have been originally <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>intended, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by our ancestors as (<i>punja) + āl</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> names in reality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Linked posts in this blog:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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1. <a href="https://tulu-research.blogspot.com/2009/01/166tulu-onomastics.html" target="_blank">TuluOnomastics</a> (Post-166 / 14-1- 2009),<o:p></o:p></div>
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2. <a href="https://tulu-research.blogspot.com/2008/01/69kaipunjal-kapu.html" target="_blank">Kaipunjal & Kapu (Post-69/10-01-2008: <o:p></o:p></a></div>
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<a href="https://tulu-research.blogspot.com/2008/01/69kaipunjal-kapu.html" target="_blank">3. Kaipunjal& Kaup</a> (Post <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>182/07.04.2009: <o:p></o:p></div>
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4. <a href="https://tulu-research.blogspot.com/2009/04/uliyargoli-to-malpe-2.html" target="_blank">Uliyaragoli to Malpe</a> (Post<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>183<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-Hosabettu Vishwanath, Pune<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-842465514699048204.post-79196918013438332972018-10-28T08:16:00.000+05:302018-10-29T18:23:15.268+05:30410. Homonyms in Tulu language.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0QfsmjbBBls/W9cCMQ_LV9I/AAAAAAAAOJ8/64VpQXrSiawr9ekEYoBat6pdOvq_6cP0QCLcBGAs/s1600/DSC_0173.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0QfsmjbBBls/W9cCMQ_LV9I/AAAAAAAAOJ8/64VpQXrSiawr9ekEYoBat6pdOvq_6cP0QCLcBGAs/s400/DSC_0173.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The antique vs.the modern: Relics of regalia in Barkur town, Udupi district.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ancient words that
have survived in a region, when properly recognized and analysed without bias, are
like old antique coins that can be useful tools in deciphering the paleo (past)
socio-linguistic environment of the terrain. This is true of coastal Karnataka
and the Tulunadu. In this context, I would like to point out that some of our
old words, inclusive of place names, have been grossly misinterpreted, especially
because of the dual or more than two possible meanings associated with them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The homonyms in English language are similar
sounding words with differing meanings. For example, the English homonymous word
‘fair’ basically has dual meanings such as (1) a festive congregation or
exhibition or (2) justified, free from dishonesty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the similar vein, we can find homonym words,
words sounding similar but with differing meaning in Tulu language.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A homophone is a
type of homonym where the sound is similar but the spelling and the meaning are
different. Homonyms and homophones in a language may possibly indicate
incorporation of similar sounding words from ancient cultures that prevailed
once upon a time in the region.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Homonyms and
homophones prevailing in Tulu language have a special historical significance
as they can through significant light on the obscure aspects of socio-linguistic
heritage we have inherited.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We shall discuss in this post a few Tulu and
relevant coastal homonyms and homophones, whose original meanings have largely
been either obscure or misinterpreted or misunderstood features of our heritage.
<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bari<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bari is a well
known common Tulu word used for distinguishing the inherited surname of an
individual. A person can have two “bari” tags inherited from his or her two
parents, but usually matrilineal ‘bari’ is recognized and honored especially
while deciding traditional matrimonial alliances in community circles.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bari in Tulu is a
homonymous word. Even though, the word ‘bari’ is a common word in Tulu, most of
the Tulu people consider the ordinary meaning of the word: namely, the side. In
Kannada areas of the coast, the word has been morphed into ‘bari’ > ‘bali’
or<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>even “balli” especially in Kundapura
and in parts of Uttara Kannada. Interestingly, the Kannada words ‘bali’ means
proximity and “balli” means tendril or creeper or thread.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">However, the
ancient word ‘bari’ has another meaning namely, the house. In ancient days a
person in the community was identified by the name of his house! <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This practice was also common in Kerala where
they use the word “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">illam</i>” or the
house. This original meaning of the word “bari” has unfortunately been
forgotten during the course of prolonged history!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Similarly,
especially in northern India, in ancient days, the persons were identified (or
tagged) by the name of their cowsheds <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(‘goshāla’</i>)
or the “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gothra</i>”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Incidentally, the homonymous
word ‘bari’ signifies the ancient heritage of Tulu language. The word was a
part of Munda/Prakrit language and sub-cultures that prevailed in this land
during early centuries of the Common Era. The word ‘bari’, having the meaning
of house, still exists in eastern and northeastern parts of India especially in
Bengali and other allied languages.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nari<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘Nari’<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(short a; </span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif";">ನರಿ</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> ) is not a common word in Tulu. It is a common Kannada word for jackal.
The common word for jackal in Tulu is ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kuduke</i>’.
However, you can find place names in Tulunadu such as ‘Naringana’(</span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif";">ನರಿಂಗಣ)</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> and ‘Narimogaru’ (</span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif";">ನರಿಮೊಗರು)</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The ancient word ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nari</i>’ in tribal languages represented
tiger (not jackal) and we can find this still preserved and existing in the neighboring
Kodava language. Incidentally, Tulu has forgotten the original tribal word ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nari</i>’ which has been shifted to jackal
and original tribal word replaced by ‘pili’ (</span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif";">ಪಿಲಿ)</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, a word from Dravida lingual lineage.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The word " nari" in Tulu has another meanings such as (a) dented (b) broken or (c) wet, soft and rotten. But these meanings would not appear appropriate in terms of toponyms.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nayi<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nāyi (</span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif";">ನಾಯಿ)</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> is a common name for dog in most of the Dravidian
languages including Tulu and Kannada. Therefore, while analyzing <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>place
names like Nayampali, Nayibasadi etc. in Tulu region, some of our earlier
researchers have attributed the meaning of dog to the word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nāyi</i>. It is interesting to note that there are ancient place names
all over India containing the prefix of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nayi</i>.
The word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nayi (</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif";">ನಯಿ)</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
originally <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>derived from Prakrit, in all
India context suggests <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">new</b> and not
dog! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Historical
correlations as pointed out above also suggest that the Prakrit was a dominant
language in parts of south India especially ancient equivalents of Maharashtra,
Karnataka and coastal Tulunadu. Thus it is logical to assume that the word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nayi</i> in ancient place names of Tulunadu
also means new rather than dog! Further it was a common practice to name new
towns with prefix tags suggestive of newness such as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pudu, posa, hosa, nayi, nava</i> etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gokarna<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gokarna is a well
known coastal place in Uttara Kannada district, often interpreted as northern
boundary of ancient Tulunadu. The place name is usually interpreted based on
its usual sound that echoes a Sanskrit word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">go+karna</i>
which simply means ear of the cow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">However, if we
look for Prakrit words in the place name then we find that the word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gokar</i> means serpent, snake or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nāga</i>. Since –<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Na</i> is a common spatial suffix indicative of settlement or village
(as we find in place names like <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Marne</i>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Muddann</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Belmann</i>, etc), the Prakrit word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gokarna</i>
is equivalent of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nāgur</i> or even <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Uchila </i>in connotation<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. </i>As a counter proof, we find numerous
villages across India containing the word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gokar
</i>including the place name<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Gokarana.</i>
(see: Post <a href="https://tulu-research.blogspot.com/2016/10/366-mystery-of-gokarna-and-havyaka.html" target="_blank">366. Mystery of Gokarna and Havyaka). </a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Thus<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gokar</i>
(Prakrit) = <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nāga</i>, serpent . Gokar+Na=
Nāga village; Nāgur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Further the
Gokarna region is also known as <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Havika,
Haviga(> Haiga) or Havyaka. A simple analysis of the word reveals that these
words are Kannada equivalents of the word Gokarna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Haviga= <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hāvu+ga</i>.
Havika= <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hāvu</i> +<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ka</i>; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hāvu</i>=serpent; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ka</i> or ga= village).
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gokarna, Havyaka and the Nāga cult<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It is well known
that the ancient cult of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nāga</i>
worship, once widely prevalent all over India, has remained steadfast in
coastal Karnataka, especially in Tulunadu. The original meaning associated with
the word Gokarna and Havika (Havyaka), as explained here, further strengthens
our notion of historical prevalence of the ancient Naga cult in Uttara Kannada,
where the influence of Nāga cult is under waning stage as a consequence of
domination of subsequent religious cults. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Summary<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Homonyms and their
dual meanings discussed in this post are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(a) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bari (</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif";">ಬರಿ) </span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">=1.Side (Dravida
origin); 2.House (Munda derivation)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(b) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nari (</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif";">ನರಿ) </span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">=1.Jackal 2. Tiger
(Tribal origin, also exists now in Kodava)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(c) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nayi</i>=1.Dog (< nāyi, </span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif";">ನಾಯಿ</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">); 2. New. ( </span><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif";">ನಯಿ:</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Prakrit
derivation).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(d) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gokarna (</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "tunga" , "sans-serif";">ಗೋಕರ್ಣ) </span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">=1. Cow’s <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ear. (Sanskrit <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>derivation);
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nāga</i>
village (< gokar+Na. Prakrit derivation)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Feedback<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tunga; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Readers may
contribute their considered opinions in the comment section, with or without
including their independent analysis of words and place names, for the benefit
of healthy discussions and further interpretations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "commercialscript bt"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%;">R</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Follow, Friends</div>Ravindra Mundkurhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09073231068374498281noreply@blogger.com0